Mowers for lawns, parks or sportsgrounds

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers production of complete machines primarily intended to cut grass on lawns, parks or sportsgrounds, including walk-behind, ride-on and autonomous mowers with gasoline, diesel or electric propulsion. It defines a factory-gate product dataset, not a mowing-service comparison. Declare the model, cutting system, propulsion, power supply, included battery and accessories, manufacturing site and acceptance state. Other mowers such as tractor-mounted cutter bars, hand-held trimmers, spare blades, stand-alone chargers and grass-cutting services are outside this product boundary. The UN CPC entries distinguish 44121 from 44123; route-specific examples in the mower LCA studies do not establish category-wide amounts. un-cpc-3-2025; un-cpc-exp-3-2025; ramboll-husqvarna-2022; chalmers-lan-liu-2010.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.special-purpose-machinery.mowers-for-lawns-parks-or-sportsgrounds
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 44121; classification identity only, without an accepted mapping claim.
covered_products	Complete lawn, park and sportsground mowers at factory gate, including walk-behind, ride-on and robotic configurations.
excluded_products	Tractor-mounted cutter bars and other non-lawn mowers (CPC 44123), parts sold alone, trimmers, services, and used or refurbished machines.
representative_product	One accepted complete mower of the declared model and configuration.
production_route	Purchased components and conditional in-house metal or plastic fabrication, followed by assembly, acceptance test and packaging; disclose gasoline or electric route.
market_state	New, complete, accepted, gate-ready machine; transport packaging is separate from its net mass.

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply a complete mower capable of cutting managed grass in a lawn, park or sportsground.
How much	One accepted complete machine of the declared configuration.
How well	Meets the manufacturer's declared cutting and acceptance specification; record cutting width, drive and power source.
How long or cycle	At factory-gate acceptance; operating lifetime and mowing frequency are downstream scenario parameters.
reference_flow_link	finished_mower

Field	Value
Reference amount	M
Reference product flow	Mowers for lawns, parks or sportsgrounds 2855f6db-d009-4af5-a3de-b01c75d14cd9
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	model; configuration; cutting system; propulsion and energy source; installed battery chemistry and capacity when applicable; included accessories; acceptance record; measured net mass M; factory location and reference year.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	M = accepted net mass of one complete machine of the same configuration in kg; collect using cp_mass.
electricity_conversion	site_electricity	Net calorific value	MJ	If the factory meter records kWh, convert the attributable electricity to MJ using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ before reporting the selected flow.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	New complete mower accepted at the factory gate; disclose included accessories and whether packaging is separately counted.
starting_condition_role	Product output of foreground manufacture; upstream purchased materials and parts retain their supplier production datasets.
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0 44121 identifies the covered product, not a blanket identity for inputs.
recursive_input_rule	A complete mower entering rework is recorded as a separately identified input with its original upstream dataset; do not recursively apply this PCR to its own output.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link geographically and technically representative datasets for purchased sheets, resin, components, fuels, electricity and packaging; disclose proxy use.
disclosure	Report site, year, model, route, included components, mass scope, direct versus allocated records, omitted flows and upstream dataset provenance.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_gate	product system	Include upstream production and inbound transport of recorded inputs, attributable in-house fabrication, assembly, acceptance test and gate packaging; stop at factory gate.	ramboll-husqvarna-2022; chalmers-lan-liu-2010
boundary_downstream	downstream use	Keep customer mowing fuel or electricity, maintenance, distribution after factory gate and end-of-life outside this production inventory; model them in separately declared downstream stages.	ramboll-husqvarna-2022
boundary_no_double_count	purchased components	A purchased painted part or moulded housing includes its supplier production upstream; do not also count its constituent sheet or resin as this factory's input.	ramboll-husqvarna-2022; chalmers-lan-liu-2010

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
mower_manufacture	Mower fabrication, assembly, acceptance test and gate packaging	required	All covered routes; apply each flow card's stated route condition.	Foreground production process	One accepted complete machine of the declared configuration.

Process: Mower manufacture (mower_manufacture)

Inputs

Product flows

Hot-rolled steel sheet (steel_sheet)

Conditional input when the factory cuts and forms a steel chassis or deck; record purchased sheet mass, not finished component mass.

• Selected flow: Hot-rolled steel sheet
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: chalmers-lan-liu-2010

ABS granulate (abs_granulate)

Conditional input when ABS housing parts are injection moulded in this factory; exclude the same resin embedded in purchased housings.

• Selected flow: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer, granulate 8f1317c1-aa51-4524-8692-74079c923e2c
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Purchased painted metal parts (painted_metal_parts)

Conditional purchased mower deck or chassis parts; exclude this input when the same metal parts are made and counted from sheet within the factory.

• Selected flow: Painted metal parts for lawn mower 8eb07159-a8e1-4d36-9a53-098a20f6fba7
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: chalmers-lan-liu-2010

Gasoline engine (gasoline_engine)

Conditional purchased complete engine for a gasoline-powered mower; exclude for an electric-only model.

• Selected flow: Small gasoline internal combustion engine 139afa12-e131-4bed-8e26-9ab59c89f101
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: chalmers-lan-liu-2010

Electric motor (electric_motor)

Conditional purchased cutting or traction motor on an electric mower; record actual installed motor mass.

• Selected flow: Electric motor 014f80a3-c257-425b-9b75-3e5a18573695
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Lithium-ion battery (liion_battery)

Conditional installed complete lithium-ion battery on a battery-powered mower; count battery items and disclose chemistry and capacity separately.

• Selected flow: Lithium Ion Battery 5554faa4-1ae2-459a-959a-b2180ab3cedc
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Count installed battery items per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_battery
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Purchased injection-moulded housing (purchased_housing)

Conditional input for a purchased plastic housing; exclude the same housing when produced in-house from the recorded ABS granulate.

• Selected flow: Injection molded plastic housing parts 42e17f3b-3473-4b98-a766-f11ce51c2669
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Factory electricity (site_electricity)

Electricity used for attributable fabrication, assembly and acceptance testing at this factory; meter or physically allocate the shared total.

• Selected flow: Electricity b989a649-ca09-44b8-abab-a069148d0b1e
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Measured MJ per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Gasoline for factory test (gasoline_test)

Conditional fuel input when a gasoline mower is run during acceptance testing; exclude customer-use fuel and disclose exhaust modelling.

• Selected flow: Gasoline e6677cd5-b574-4e00-a3bd-c373ac796135
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_test
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Corrugated shipping box (corrugated_box)

Conditional single corrugated box supplied with a gate-ready mower; exclude reusable pallets and account for them separately.

• Selected flow: corrugated board boxes 4f197bec-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_pack
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Diesel engine (diesel_engine)

Conditional complete installed diesel engine on a diesel ride-on mower; count engine items and disclose rated power.

• Selected flow: Diesel engine d3ac8612-80b9-4283-9439-62aa4986fce2
• Flow property / unit: Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Measured Item(s) per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_engine_count
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Diesel acceptance-test fuel (diesel_test)

Conditional diesel input when a diesel mower is run during factory acceptance testing; exclude customer-use fuel.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_test
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Mower cutting blade (cutting_blade)

Installed grass-cutting steel blade on the accepted mower; record the actual blade mass and configuration, not a generic saw blade.

• Selected flow: Steel mower cutting blade
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted finished mower (finished_mower)

Output is one complete accepted mower of the declared configuration at the factory gate; net mass M excludes transport packaging and separate accessories.

• Selected flow: Mowers for lawns, parks or sportsgrounds 2855f6db-d009-4af5-a3de-b01c75d14cd9
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: M kg
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_mass
• Sources: un-cpc-3-2025

Waste flows

Steel fabrication scrap (steel_scrap)

Conditional separately collected post-industrial ferrous scrap from in-house sheet cutting or forming; record outgoing mass.

• Selected flow: Post-industrial steel scrap c143745d-be4f-4d8f-b403-2dcbfe685349
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_scrap
• Sources: chalmers-lan-liu-2010

ABS moulding scrap (abs_moulding_scrap)

Conditional separately collected ABS sprues and rejected ABS housings from in-house moulding; do not combine with plastic packaging waste.

• Selected flow: ABS injection-moulding scrap
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kg per one accepted finished machine
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per one accepted finished machine
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_scrap
• Sources: ramboll-husqvarna-2022

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocate_subdivide	shared manufacturing	First isolate model or line-specific material, energy, test and waste records; preserve direct measurements.	eu-pef-2021
allocate_causal	shared manufacturing	If subdivision is impossible, use a documented physical driver such as equipment operating time for electricity or measured material throughput for scrap; demonstrate causation and disclose denominator and sensitivity.	eu-pef-2021
allocate_recycling	outgoing scrap	Record segregated scrap mass and actual destination; do not claim avoided virgin-material credit inside this production inventory without an explicitly declared downstream method.	eu-pef-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_mass	mower_manufacture	finished reference machine	calibrated weighing and acceptance record	model; configuration; serial number; accepted net mass M	Weigh the accepted complete machine on a calibrated scale, excluding transport packaging; reconcile the same configuration and acceptance record.	kg	each sampled accepted configuration	reporting year	final acceptance at site	accepted net mass per machine	scale calibration and acceptance record
cp_bom	mower_manufacture	sheet, resin and purchased components	controlled bill of materials and receiving weights	model; configuration; part number; material; received mass; accepted machine count	Reconcile purchased or consumed component mass with the accepted-model bill of materials and stock movements.	kg	each production batch	reporting year	manufacturing site and tier-one suppliers	attributable material mass / accepted machines	signed BOM revision and receiving records
cp_battery	mower_manufacture	installed lithium-ion battery	serialised BOM and assembly record	model; battery part number; chemistry; capacity; installed item count; accepted machine count	Count complete installed batteries against serialised acceptance and supplier records.	Item(s)	each production batch	reporting year	battery-equipped route	installed battery items / accepted machines	battery BOM and acceptance record
cp_engine_count	mower_manufacture	installed diesel engine	engine BOM and acceptance record	model; engine part number; rated power; installed item count; accepted machine count	Count complete installed diesel engines against the signed BOM and acceptance record.	Item(s)	each production batch	reporting year	diesel-powered route	installed engine items / accepted machines	engine BOM and acceptance record
cp_energy	mower_manufacture	site electricity	meter and production log	meter interval; kWh; line hours; accepted machine count	Meter attributable factory electricity; subdivide by line or use documented causal operating hours for shared meters.	MJ	monthly	reporting year	manufacturing site	attributable electricity / accepted machines	calibrated meter, utility bill and production hours
cp_test	mower_manufacture	gasoline or diesel acceptance test	fuel issue and test record	fuel type; fuel mass; test run; model; accepted machine count	Weigh or trace gasoline or diesel issued to acceptance tests, net of returned fuel.	kg	each test campaign	reporting year	gasoline or diesel route at manufacturing site	test fuel mass / accepted machines	fuel issue and acceptance log
cp_pack	mower_manufacture	corrugated box	packaging BOM and issue record	box specification; dry mass; box count; accepted machine count	Weigh the actual corrugated box and reconcile issued boxes to accepted machines.	kg	each production batch	reporting year	gate packaging	corrugated box mass / accepted machines	packaging specification and issue record
cp_scrap	mower_manufacture	separate steel and ABS scrap	waste weighing and segregation record	waste code; material; weighed mass; batch; accepted machine count	Weigh steel and ABS scrap separately before transfer; reconcile batch origin and destination.	kg	each waste transfer	reporting year	on-site fabrication	attributable segregated scrap / accepted machines	calibrated weighbridge ticket and waste transfer record

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
electricity_mj	site_electricity	Attributable MJ = metered kWh × 3.6 after documented shared-meter allocation.	metered kWh; accepted machine count; causal line hours when shared	MJ per accepted machine	eu-pef-2021
activity_per_machine	recorded inputs and wastes	Attribute the measured batch quantity to the declared model and divide by accepted machines of that model; retain rejected units and rework in the batch balance.	batch quantities; accepted machine count; model records	exchange per accepted machine	eu-pef-2021

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_configuration	all rows	Match every source record to the same model, route, configuration and reporting period as the reference machine.	BOM revision, serial and acceptance records.
dq_mass	reference and materials	Measure net mass M and reconcile major material or component quantities without merging shipping packaging into the machine.	scale record, BOM and packaging records.
dq_route	conditional rows	State why each gasoline, diesel, electric, battery, purchased-housing and in-house fabrication row applies or is absent.	route and process records.
dq_gap	unresolved rows and quantities	Keep UUID and range evidence gaps visible; do not substitute a proxy identity or a case value for a category benchmark.	lookup review and foreground records.

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_identity	reference product	Confirm one accepted complete CPC 44121 mower output, the exact reference UUID and M kg for the same configuration.	un-cpc-3-2025
validate_material_route	inventory	Reconcile purchased components against in-house sheet and resin routes; reject duplicate counting and record each condition as present or absent.	ramboll-husqvarna-2022; chalmers-lan-liu-2010
validate_utilities	electricity and test fuel	Confirm metered electricity, any gasoline or diesel test use, their units and a causal shared-site allocation; disclose exhaust modelling without counting customer use.	eu-pef-2021; ramboll-husqvarna-2022
validate_scrap	waste	Match steel and ABS waste masses with separate transfer records and declared treatment; unresolved ABS flow UUID remains blank.	ramboll-husqvarna-2022; chalmers-lan-liu-2010

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground product manufacturing dataset.
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; may serve as background_dataset for an explicitly compatible mower supply chain.
allowed_use	Cradle-to-factory-gate inventory for the declared mower configuration with separately linked upstream datasets.
excluded_use	Claims about mowing service, lifetime impacts, comparative superiority, or other mower configurations without matched use-stage and quality data.
required_metadata	Model, route, cutting width, motor or engine, battery chemistry and capacity, factory, year, M, included accessories, packaging scope and upstream dataset versions.
required_quality_disclosure	Meter coverage, BOM completeness, allocation drivers, missing UUIDs, quantity range evidence gaps, proxy datasets, rejects and waste destinations.
update_trigger	Design or bill-of-material change, powertrain change, supplier/site change, new measured data or resolved UUID identity.

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-2025	official_guidance	UN Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, row 44121; https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (accessed 2026-09-24).	Product identity.
un-cpc-exp-3-2025	official_guidance	UN Statistics Division, CPC Ver. 3.0 Explanatory Notes, 30 June 2025, entries 44121 and 44123; https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf (accessed 2026-09-24).	Neighboring mower boundary.
ramboll-husqvarna-2022	literature	Ramboll Sweden AB for Husqvarna Group, LCA of CEORA™ 546 EPOS™ & Rider P525DX, version 1.3, 7 June 2022, pp. 2, 7, 12–13; https://www.husqvarna.com/-/files/aprimo/husqvarna/robotic-mowers/documents/guideline/qk-274541.pdf?v=3a59cbf2 (accessed 2026-09-24).	Mower routes, process decomposition and conditional inputs; case observations only.
chalmers-lan-liu-2010	literature	Xing Lan and Yu Liu, Life Cycle Assessment of Lawnmowers: Two Mowers' Case Studies, Chalmers Master's Thesis 2010:11, §3.1, p. 7; https://odr.chalmers.se/bitstreams/286ce17b-0137-4137-82fd-9183f9e1bdf1/download (accessed 2026-09-24).	Walk-behind fabrication, purchased components and assembly; case observations only.
eu-pef-2021	official_guidance	European Commission, Annex I, Product Environmental Footprint Method, §4.5, to Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279, 16 December 2021; https://environment.ec.europa.eu/document/download/680503dc-5a19-4f6a-bb92-84d9bfc8f312_en?filename=Annexes+1+to+2.pdf (accessed 2026-09-24).	Shared-process allocation hierarchy.