Monitors and projectors principally used in an automatic data processing system

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to finished computer monitors and data projectors whose principal intended function is to present visual output from an automatic data processing (ADP) system. It covers products used in offices, industrial control and engineering, data centres, network operations, digital infrastructure, and comparable professional or institutional settings. A product is in scope only when its product documentation, interfaces, and normal market use establish ADP display as the principal purpose.

Computer monitors and projectors are distinct technology families under this PCR. A monitor presents an image on an integral direct-view panel; a projector uses an imaging device, projection optics, and a lamp, LED, laser, or hybrid light source to form an image on a separate surface. A conforming dataset shall declare the family and shall not average monitor and projector technologies into one foreground product unless a reviewed product-family study supplies transparent model weights and separate technology inventories.

The PCR covers final assembly, integration, functional and power testing, calibration, packaging, and factory-gate output. It also provides conditional rules for vertically integrated display-panel, optical-engine, light-source, electronics, enclosure, stand or mounting-hardware production, and for distribution, use, maintenance, replacement parts, and end-of-life when those stages are included in a lifecycle model.

Television receivers, products principally intended for broadcast or entertainment display independent of an ADP system, digital signage whose principal function is public or commercial signage, cinema projectors, photographic projectors, projection screens, virtual-reality headsets, integrated notebook or all-in-one computer displays, display panels or optical engines sold only as components, and monitors or projectors principally used for a non-ADP purpose are excluded. The presence or absence of a tuner alone is not sufficient evidence of scope; principal intended use shall be demonstrated.

Every foreground data package shall declare product family, model or representative-model set, diagonal display size or declared projected-image size, native resolution, rated luminance for monitors or rated light output for projectors, panel technology or projector imaging and light-source technology, electronic assemblies, power supply, enclosure and stand or mounting configuration, thermal-management components, measured mass, power-test configuration and results, expected service life, packaging bill of materials, production geography, reference year, and included life-cycle stages.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.radio-television-and-communication-equipment-and-apparatus.monitors-and-projectors-principally-used-in-an-automatic-data-processing-system
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 47315, exact classification context
covered_products	Direct-view computer monitors and data projectors principally used to display output from an ADP system, including office, industrial, data-centre, network-operations, and digital-infrastructure applications
excluded_products	Television receivers; non-ADP-principal-use displays and projectors; digital signage principally intended for public or commercial signage; cinema and photographic projectors; projection screens; integrated notebook and all-in-one displays; head-mounted displays; separately sold display panels, optical engines, light sources, and other components
representative_product	A finished, tested monitor or data projector configured for connection to an ADP system and ready for packaging at the manufacturing site
production_route	Purchased or internally produced display panel or projector optical engine and light source, electronics and power assemblies, enclosure and stand or mounting parts; final integration; firmware loading and calibration; functional and power testing; packaging
market_state	Finished, tested, specification-conforming ADP display device at factory gate; packaging is recorded separately from product mass

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide a finished monitor or data projector whose principal intended use is visual output from an ADP system
How much	1 kg of finished display device at factory gate, excluding packaging mass
How well	Meets the declared model specification for product family, size, native resolution, luminance or light output, panel or projection technology, interfaces, power states, and included stand or mounting hardware
How long or cycle	The declared expected service life in years and operating hours, with projector light-source life and replacement assumptions stated separately
reference_flow_link	Product mass measured after final assembly and acceptance testing and before packaging; package, manuals, detached cables, and separately supplied accessories are separate inventory inputs unless physically integrated in the device

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Monitors and projectors, principally used in an automatic data processing system 0f14f2f1-768f-44cd-b5d7-b81ecbe1a9b8
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product family: monitor or projector; principal ADP use evidence; model or weighted model set; device mass; diagonal panel size or projected-image size; native resolution; monitor luminance or projector light output; panel technology or imaging and light-source technology; electronics and power-supply configuration; enclosure and stand or mounting materials; test voltage and frequency; on, sleep, off, and networked-mode power where present; expected service life in years and operating hours; projector light-source life and replacement count; packaging materials and masses; production geography and reference year; included life-cycle stages

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers shall be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference-flow comments, product descriptions, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete. The same record shall not substitute a television receiver, a non-ADP display, or a component-only flow for the verified CPC 47315 product flow.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_device_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Measure accepted finished-device mass after final assembly and testing and before packaging. Normalize all manufacturing inventory to 1 kg of accepted device output; do not include package mass in the reference amount.
component_mass_basis	Display subsystem, electronics, power supply, enclosure, stand or mounting hardware, thermal parts, cables, and integrated accessories	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record measured or supplier-declared component mass by material or subassembly and reconcile it with finished-device mass, manufacturing scrap, and inventory change.
monitor_geometry_performance	Monitor products	Screen size, area, native resolution, and luminance	inch or cm; dm2 or m2; pixels; cd/m2	Report visible diagonal and area, horizontal and vertical native pixels, panel technology, and measured or declared luminance together; preserve test configuration and do not infer one parameter from another.
projector_geometry_performance	Projector products	Projected-image size, native resolution, and light output	inch or m; pixels; lumen	Report imaging technology, light-source technology, native pixel matrix, declared image-size range, and measured or declared light output under the cited test method; do not express projector light output as monitor luminance.
power_state_measurement	Finished-device power testing and use modelling	Power and energy	W; kWh	Record test method, input voltage, frequency, picture or signal condition, brightness setting, automatic-brightness setting, network and peripheral state, stabilization, and measured on, sleep, off, and networked-mode power where available. Convert energy only from the retained power and time records.
service_life_measurement	Use and maintenance scenarios	Time and operating duration	year; h	Declare product service life, annual operating hours by power state, duty profile, failure or replacement assumptions, and projector light-source rated and realized life. Do not apply one lifetime to both technology families without evidence.
packaging_mass_separation	Packaging	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Record primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging by material and reuse count; keep packaging mass outside the reference product mass and normalize it separately to 1 kg of accepted device output.

5. System Boundary

The default foreground boundary begins with receipt of components, materials, and packaging at the manufacturing site and ends with an accepted device and its separately inventoried packaging at factory gate. Upstream production of panels, optical engines, light sources, printed circuit assemblies, semiconductors, power supplies, structural materials, and packaging shall be represented by documented upstream datasets. Include those manufacturing processes directly only when they occur within the declared foreground system.

Distribution, use, maintenance, and end-of-life are conditional downstream stages. A lifecycle model that includes use shall retain product-family-specific power tests, operating profiles, service life, geography-specific electricity, and projector light-source replacement. Monitor performance rules and evidence shall not be applied to projector power or optical performance without a projector-specific method.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Display panel or projector imaging and light-source subsystem, electronic and power assemblies, enclosure, stand or mounting hardware, thermal components, cables, assembly consumables, and packaging received at the declared manufacturing boundary
starting_condition_role	Upstream product and material inputs to foreground final assembly and test
product_classification_scope	Finished monitors and data projectors principally used in an ADP system; component-only and non-ADP display products are outside the canonical product scope
recursive_input_rule	An input that is already a finished in-scope monitor or projector shall be recorded as an upstream product flow and shall not be decomposed again inside the receiving foreground process; component panels, optics, light sources, boards, and housings are not finished in-scope products and shall retain their own upstream datasets.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use technology-, material-, supplier-, geography-, and time-representative upstream datasets for display panels or optical engines and light sources, electronics, semiconductors, power supplies, metals, plastics, glass, cables, packaging, energy, transport, and waste treatment; disclose every proxy.
disclosure	Declare monitor or projector family; component sourcing versus internal production; included assembly, test, calibration, packaging, distribution, use, maintenance, and end-of-life stages; treatment of capital equipment; cut-offs and proxies; and the exact terminal boundary.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_technology_split	All datasets	Keep monitor and projector technologies separate through product identity, bill of materials, manufacturing route, performance measures, power testing, service life, and downstream scenarios. A weighted product-family average shall preserve model weights and technology-specific inventory before aggregation.	epd-ies-pcr-2024-06; epa-desktop-display-lca-2001; cheung-projector-lca-2018
boundary_manufacturing_stages	Cradle-to-gate and gate-to-gate datasets	Include or link upstream datasets for display or projection subsystem, electronic components and printed circuit assemblies, power supply, enclosure, stand or mounting hardware, thermal management, cables, final assembly, firmware or calibration, acceptance and power testing, packaging, manufacturing waste, wastewater, and direct emissions.	epd-ies-pcr-2024-06; epa-desktop-display-lca-2001
boundary_monitor_test_scope	Monitor testing and use modelling	Apply a declared monitor test method and preserve screen area, native resolution, luminance, picture configuration, automatic brightness, network functions, input voltage and frequency, and measured power states. EU electronic-display rules may support monitor methods but explicitly do not govern projectors.	energy-star-displays-v8-2021; eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021
boundary_projector_test_scope	Projector testing and use modelling	Apply projector-specific performance and optical-safety methods; preserve imaging device, projection optics, light-source technology, native resolution, light output, power states, thermal management, and light-source replacement.	iec-61947-1-2002; iec-62471-5-2015; cheung-projector-lca-2018
boundary_downstream_stages	Lifecycle models	When distribution, use, maintenance, reuse, or end-of-life is included, use declared route, operating profile, service life, repair and replacement records, electricity geography, and treatment scenarios. Do not claim cradle-to-grave coverage when any included stage lacks a dataset or disclosed proxy.	ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06; cheung-projector-lca-2018
boundary_missing_data	All known flows	Do not omit a known material, energy, water, transport, waste, wastewater, or direct-emission flow merely because a value or UUID is unavailable. Collect it, flag it unresolved, or use a documented proxy and disclose the effect on completeness.	ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
final_assembly	Component integration and final assembly	required	Always	Foreground device assembly	Accepted assembled devices before functional testing
functional_test	Firmware loading, calibration, functional and power testing	required	Always	Foreground acceptance and performance test	Tested conforming devices
packaging_dispatch	Packaging and factory-gate dispatch preparation	required	Always	Foreground packaging and dispatch	1 kg accepted device output plus separately measured packaging
use_maintenance	Use, maintenance, and replacement parts	conditional	Include when the declared boundary extends beyond factory gate	Downstream display service	Declared lifetime service delivered by 1 kg of device
end_of_life	Device and packaging end-of-life	conditional	Include for cradle-to-grave datasets or lifecycle models	Downstream collection and treatment	Waste arising from 1 kg of device and its packaging

Process: Component integration and final assembly (final_assembly)

Inputs

Product flows

Monitor panel and backlight subsystem (monitor_panel_subsystem)

For a monitor, record the complete direct-view panel subsystem, including panel, backlight or emissive display, driver electronics, glass, polarizers and films where supplied as a module. This row is not used for projectors.

• Selected flow: Select the technology- and supplier-specific Tiangong display-panel or module product flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured or supplier-declared panel-subsystem mass consumed in accepted monitor output, adjusted for stock change and rejected assemblies
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted monitor output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_component_receipts
• Sources: epa-desktop-display-lca-2001

Projector optical engine, imaging device, and light source (projector_optical_light_subsystem)

For a projector, record the optical engine, imaging device, projection optics, light source and driver, and associated cooling parts. Preserve lamp, LED, laser, or hybrid identity and replaceable-light-source status. This row is not used for monitors.

• Selected flow: Select the technology- and supplier-specific Tiangong optical-engine, imaging-device, optics, and light-source product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured or supplier-declared subsystem mass consumed in accepted projector output, adjusted for stock change and rejected assemblies
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted projector output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_component_receipts
• Sources: iec-61947-1-2002; iec-62471-5-2015; cheung-projector-lca-2018

Printed circuit assemblies and electronic components (electronics_assemblies)

Record main, control, interface, timing, sensor, wireless, and light-source driver boards and integrated electronic components by assembly and supplier.

• Selected flow: Select board-, component-, and supplier-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Purchase and stock reconciliation or measured bill-of-material quantity allocated to accepted output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_component_receipts
• Sources: epa-desktop-display-lca-2001; cheung-projector-lca-2018

Power supply, cables, and integrated connectors (power_cable_assemblies)

Record internal or external power supply, transformers, cables, harnesses, connectors, and any detached cable included with the sold product. Detached accessories remain separate from finished-device reference mass.

• Selected flow: Select component- and supplier-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Number of items / Item(s) where procurement is item-based
• Amount rule: Measured bill of materials and purchase or stock reconciliation allocated to accepted output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_component_receipts
• Sources: epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Enclosure, stand or mounting hardware, and thermal parts (structural_thermal_parts)

Record plastics, steel, aluminium, glass, fasteners, stand or mounting hardware, heat sinks, fans, filters, and other structural or thermal-management parts by material and recycled-content claim.

• Selected flow: Select material- and component-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured component mass and bill of materials allocated to accepted output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bom_component_receipts
• Sources: epa-desktop-display-lca-2001; eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021

Assembly consumables and utilities (assembly_consumables_utilities)

Record adhesives, solder, cleaning agents, protective films, compressed air, water, electricity, fuels, and other materials or utilities consumed during final integration.

• Selected flow: Select substance-, carrier-, voltage-, and geography-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Volume / m3; Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: Metered or purchase-and-stock-reconciled use allocated by the documented production line rule
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_utilities
• Sources: epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Assembled device before acceptance testing (assembled_device)

Record assembled monitor or projector mass before acceptance testing, preserving technology family and model.

• Selected flow: Internal intermediate assembled-device flow; select a specific Tiangong flow when available
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass of assembled devices transferred to testing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per accepted devices needed for 1 kg final output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_scrap_mass_balance

Waste flows

Assembly scrap and rejected components (assembly_scrap)

Record damaged panels or optics, rejected boards, structural offcuts, consumable residues, and other assembly wastes separately by material and treatment route.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific Tiangong waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured waste plus reconciled component rejects minus documented returns to supplier
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_scrap_mass_balance
• Sources: epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Elementary flows

Direct assembly emissions (assembly_direct_emissions)

Record substance- and compartment-specific releases from soldering, cleaning, coating, adhesive curing, fuel combustion, and other on-site assembly operations when they cross the environment boundary.

• Selected flow: Select substance- and compartment-specific Tiangong elementary flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured release or calculation from collected activity data and a documented factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_emissions

Process: Firmware loading, calibration, functional and power testing (functional_test)

Inputs

Product flows

Assembled device entering test (test_device_input)

Record the internal transfer of assembled devices without duplicating assembly burdens.

• Selected flow: Internal intermediate assembled-device flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass transferred to testing, reconciled to accepted output and test rejects
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_output_scrap_mass_balance

Electricity for calibration and power testing (test_electricity)

Record metered electricity used for firmware loading, warm-up, calibration, burn-in when applied, functional tests, and on, sleep, off, and networked-mode power measurements.

• Selected flow: Select voltage-, supplier-, and geography-specific Tiangong electricity flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Test-station metered electricity divided by accepted device mass, with failed and retested units retained in the numerator
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_power_performance_test
• Sources: energy-star-displays-v8-2021; eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021; iec-61947-1-2002

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted tested device (accepted_tested_device)

Record conforming devices that pass declared visual, interface, safety, calibration, and power tests.

• Selected flow: Monitors and projectors, principally used in an automatic data processing system 0f14f2f1-768f-44cd-b5d7-b81ecbe1a9b8
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured accepted-device mass transferred to packaging
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_power_performance_test

Waste flows

Test rejects and replaced parts (test_rejects)

Record rejected units, replaced boards, panels, optics, light sources, cables, and other parts by disposition: rework, supplier return, reuse, recycling, or waste treatment.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific Tiangong waste or product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Test-system reject and rework records reconciled to physical scrap and returned parts
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_power_performance_test

Elementary flows

Process: Packaging and factory-gate dispatch preparation (packaging_dispatch)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted device entering packaging (packaging_device_input)

Record accepted device mass transferred from test without adding packaging to the reference product mass.

• Selected flow: Monitors and projectors, principally used in an automatic data processing system 0f14f2f1-768f-44cd-b5d7-b81ecbe1a9b8
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured accepted-device mass entering packaging
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records

Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging (packaging_materials)

Record corrugated board, moulded fibre, plastics, foams, films, bags, pallets, labels, inks, manuals, desiccants, and reusable packaging by material and recycled content. Record detached cables and accessories separately from packaging materials.

• Selected flow: Select material-, recycled-content-, and supplier-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Number of items / Item(s) for reusable assets
• Amount rule: Measured packaging bill of materials divided by packaged accepted-device mass; reusable items divided by verified reuse count
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources: epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Packaging and dispatch energy (packaging_energy)

Record electricity and fuels used for packaging equipment, internal handling, and dispatch staging.

• Selected flow: Select carrier-, voltage-, and geography-specific Tiangong energy flows
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh or MJ
• Amount rule: Metered or allocated packaging-line energy divided by dispatched accepted-device mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Finished ADP display device at factory gate (finished_adp_display)

Record exactly 1 kg of accepted monitor or projector, excluding packaging mass, with all required qualifiers attached.

• Selected flow: Monitors and projectors, principally used in an automatic data processing system 0f14f2f1-768f-44cd-b5d7-b81ecbe1a9b8
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Fixed reference output of 1 kg
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg finished device at factory gate, excluding packaging
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Identity reference (identity_reference)

Waste flows

Packaging-process waste (packaging_waste)

Record packaging offcuts, damaged packs, labels, films, foams, pallets, and other wastes by material and treatment route.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific Tiangong waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured packaging waste divided by dispatched accepted-device mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted device output
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records

Elementary flows

Process: Use, maintenance, and replacement parts (use_maintenance)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity over the declared service life (use_electricity)

Calculate electricity separately for on, sleep, off, networked standby, and other measured states using the declared duty profile and geography-specific supply. Preserve monitor and projector test methods and configurations.

• Selected flow: Select voltage-, supplier-, market-, and geography-specific Tiangong electricity flow
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Sum of measured power for each state multiplied by its declared lifetime hours, divided by 1,000 W per kW
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: lifetime service delivered by 1 kg of device
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_use_lifetime_profile
• Sources: energy-star-displays-v8-2021; eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021; cheung-projector-lca-2018

Maintenance and replacement parts (maintenance_parts)

Record replaced boards, power supplies, fans, filters, cables, projector lamps or light-source modules, and other parts with repair yield and transport. Do not assume a projector light-source replacement for monitors.

• Selected flow: Select technology-, component-, and supplier-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Observed maintenance records or declared scenario count multiplied by measured replacement-part quantity
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: lifetime service delivered by 1 kg of device
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_use_lifetime_profile
• Sources: cheung-projector-lca-2018; iec-62471-5-2015

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Declared display service (display_service)

Record the declared service delivered by the monitor or projector over its stated operating profile and lifetime.

• Selected flow: Modelled display service; no generic Tiangong product-flow UUID assigned
• Flow property / unit: Operating time / h, with product mass reference retained
• Amount rule: Declared operating hours by technology family and performance configuration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: lifetime service delivered by 1 kg of device
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_use_lifetime_profile

Waste flows

Failed or replaced parts during use (maintenance_waste)

Record replaced parts and failed light sources by material and treatment route.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific Tiangong waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Maintenance and replacement records reconciled to installed replacement parts
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: lifetime service delivered by 1 kg of device
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_use_lifetime_profile

Elementary flows

Process: Device and packaging end-of-life (end_of_life)

Inputs

Product flows

Waste flows

End-of-life device and packaging (eol_device_packaging)

Record collection of the device, replaced parts, and packaging as separate waste streams with geography- and technology-specific collection, preparation for reuse, recycling, recovery, and disposal shares.

• Selected flow: Select material-, product-, and treatment-specific Tiangong waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Device and packaging masses multiplied by documented collection and treatment shares, with reuse and refurbishment kept distinct from recycling
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg device at end of declared life plus its separately inventoried packaging and replacement parts
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_end_of_life_scenario
• Sources: ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06; cheung-projector-lca-2018

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Reused products and recovered materials (recovered_outputs)

Record verified reused devices, reusable components, and recovered material outputs without embedding an avoided-burden credit in the foreground quantity.

• Selected flow: Select reuse- and material-specific Tiangong product flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg; Number of items / Item(s)
• Amount rule: Measured treatment output or scenario-specific recovery yield applied to collected waste input
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg device entering end-of-life
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_end_of_life_scenario
• Sources: ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Waste flows

Treatment residues (eol_residues)

Record residues sent to further recycling, recovery, incineration, hazardous treatment, or landfill by material and route.

• Selected flow: Select material- and treatment-specific Tiangong waste flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Treatment mass balance from measured outputs or a documented scenario
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg device entering end-of-life
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_end_of_life_scenario
• Sources: ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Elementary flows

Direct treatment emissions (eol_direct_emissions)

Record substance- and compartment-specific direct emissions from end-of-life treatment when included in the selected treatment dataset boundary.

• Selected flow: Select substance- and compartment-specific Tiangong elementary flows
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured release or calculation from collected treatment activity and documented factors
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Scenario-specific (scenario_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg device entering end-of-life
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_end_of_life_scenario

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoidance	Shared manufacturing processes	Avoid allocation by sub-metering, batch tracing, or subdivision of panel or optical-engine production, electronics assembly, final assembly, testing, and packaging whenever product-specific records can be obtained.	ec-pef-2021; epa-desktop-display-lca-2001
allocation_shared_line	Shared production lines and utilities	When subdivision is not practical, allocate utilities and common wastes using a documented physical driver that reflects causation, such as machine time, tested unit time, throughput mass, or occupied production time. Do not use revenue unless physical causation cannot be established and the choice is justified.	ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06
allocation_model_family	Multiple monitor or projector models	Use model-specific bills of materials and tests. A family average shall use disclosed production weights and retain separate monitor and projector technology strata before any aggregation.	energy-star-displays-v8-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06
allocation_rework_scrap	Rework, rejects, supplier returns, and recovered materials	Keep the burdens of internal rework and test repeats with accepted output; subtract documented supplier returns from site waste; report recovered material outputs separately and apply any recycling credit only in a declared downstream method.	ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_bom_component_receipts	final_assembly	Display or projection subsystem, electronics, power, enclosure, stand or mounting, thermal parts, cables, and accessories	Bill of materials, supplier specification, receipt, stock, and reject record	model_id; family; component_id; supplier; material; technology; quantity; unit_mass; opening_stock; purchases; closing_stock; rejects; returned_quantity; recycled_content	Approved BOM joined to measured component mass and inventory reconciliation	kg; Item(s)	Per model revision and production period	Same representative production period as the dataset	Every included manufacturing site and model	Calculate consumed quantity from opening stock plus receipts minus closing stock and documented returns; divide by accepted device mass	Approved BOM, calibrated scale record, supplier declaration, inventory reconciliation, and model-revision control
cp_manufacturing_utilities	final_assembly	Assembly consumables and utilities	Meter, invoice, batch issue, and stock record	carrier_or_material; meter_id; opening_reading; closing_reading; purchase; opening_stock; closing_stock; batch; line_time; accepted_mass	Sub-metering preferred; otherwise documented line allocation	kg; m3; kWh; MJ	Per batch or monthly	At least one representative continuous production period, with seasonality disclosed	Every included manufacturing site	Net measured or reconciled consumption allocated by a causal line driver and divided by accepted device mass	Meter calibration, invoices, stock records, allocation worksheet, and completeness reconciliation
cp_output_scrap_mass_balance	final_assembly	Assembled output, rejects, supplier returns, scrap, and inventory change	Scale, production, quality, rework, return, and waste-transfer record	input_mass; assembled_mass; accepted_mass; reject_mass; rework_mass; returned_mass; waste_mass; stock_change; treatment_route	Batch or period mass balance by technology family and model	kg	Per batch, reconciled monthly	Same production period as component and utility records	Every included site and line	Reconcile input components to assembled and accepted outputs, returns, wastes, and stock changes without double counting rework	Calibrated scales, production counts, quality logs, supplier-return records, waste tickets, and signed reconciliation
cp_manufacturing_emissions	final_assembly	Direct emissions	Stack, wastewater, solvent, fuel, and abatement record	substance; compartment; measured_concentration; flow_rate; duration; fuel_quantity; factor; capture_efficiency	Direct measurement preferred; otherwise calculation from collected activity data and cited factor	kg; m3; MJ	Per measurement campaign and reporting period	Representative production period	Every included emitting site	Calculate substance-specific release and allocate using the same causal driver as the associated operation	Laboratory report, monitor calibration, fuel record, factor reference, and abatement operation log
cp_power_performance_test	functional_test	Device acceptance, performance, power states, test electricity, rework, and rejects	Test-station result and meter record	model_id; family; serial_or_batch; screen_or_image_size; native_resolution; luminance_or_light_output; panel_or_imaging_technology; light_source; voltage; frequency; signal; picture_mode; brightness; ABC_state; network_state; stabilization; on_W; sleep_W; off_W; networked_W; test_duration; station_kWh; pass_fail; rework	Apply the declared monitor or projector test method using calibrated instruments and retain raw measurements	inch or m; pixels; cd/m2 or lumen; V; Hz; W; h; kWh	Per representative model and test batch	Same model revision and production period as the dataset	Every included test site	Preserve unrounded readings; calculate test energy from meter difference and accepted mass; aggregate power results only within the same family and configuration	Test method and revision, calibration certificates, configuration record, raw meter file, pass/fail log, and representative-model justification
cp_packaging_records	packaging_dispatch	Packaging materials, detached accessories, packaging energy, and waste	Packaging BOM, scale, purchase, reuse, meter, and waste record	material; component; recycled_content; unit_mass; quantity; reuse_count; detached_accessory; energy; dispatched_device_mass; waste_mass; treatment_route	Weigh representative packaging and reconcile purchases, dispatch, reuse, and waste	kg; Item(s); kWh; MJ	Per packaging configuration and monthly reconciliation	Same production period as dispatch output	Every included packaging site	Divide one-way packaging by dispatched device mass; divide reusable assets by verified reuse count; keep detached accessories separate	Approved packaging specification, calibrated scale, supplier statement, reuse log, meter or invoice, and waste ticket
cp_use_lifetime_profile	use_maintenance	Power-state hours, service life, maintenance, and projector light-source replacement	Metered or verified test, fleet log, warranty, repair, and scenario record	family; model; geography; service_years; annual_hours_by_state; power_W_by_state; utilization; network_state; lifetime_hours; failure; part_id; replacement_count; light_source_rated_life; realized_life; repair_transport	Use representative field records when available; otherwise a declared scenario based on measured product power and documented lifetime assumptions	year; h; W; kWh; kg; Item(s)	Per model and scenario review	Declared service life	Declared market and use setting	Sum state power times hours; add maintenance and replacements; keep scenario alternatives separate	Power-test record, fleet or user log, warranty and repair data, product documentation, and scenario approval
cp_end_of_life_scenario	end_of_life	Collection, reuse, refurbishment, recycling, recovery, disposal, and emissions	Treatment operator, official statistics, mass balance, and scenario record	geography; device_family; collected_mass; reused_mass; refurbished_mass; recovered_material; residue; treatment_route; direct_emission; reference_year	Prefer operator-specific measured data; otherwise use a documented geography- and technology-specific scenario	kg; Item(s)	Per scenario update	Reference year stated for scenario	Declared end-of-life geography	Apply mutually exclusive route shares to device, packaging, and replacement-part masses and close treatment mass balance	Operator records, official statistics, permits, treatment certificates, scenario source, and mass-balance check

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	All manufacturing rows	normalized amount = period flow amount / accepted finished-device mass in the same period	period flow amount; accepted finished-device mass excluding packaging	flow amount per 1 kg accepted device
calc_component_consumption	BOM and component inputs	consumed quantity = opening stock + receipts - closing stock - documented supplier returns; reconcile to BOM issues and rejects	stock and receipt records; returns; BOM; reject records	consumed component mass or count	epa-desktop-display-lca-2001
calc_mass_balance	Final assembly and testing	component and consumable input mass + opening work-in-progress = accepted output + returned components + waste + closing work-in-progress + documented mass loss	measured inputs, outputs, returns, wastes, and stock changes	closed mass balance and unexplained residual	epd-ies-pcr-2024-06
calc_test_energy	Functional and power testing	test energy per kg = measured test-station kWh including retests / accepted device mass	station meter readings; accepted mass; retest log	kWh per kg accepted device	energy-star-displays-v8-2021; iec-61947-1-2002
calc_use_energy	Use stage	lifetime kWh = sum over power states of measured power in W multiplied by declared state hours divided by 1,000; calculate each geography and scenario separately	measured W by state; hours by state; service life; geography	lifetime electricity by state and total	energy-star-displays-v8-2021; eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021; cheung-projector-lca-2018
calc_packaging_normalization	Packaging	packaging kg per reference kg = packaging material mass / accepted device mass; reusable packaging mass is additionally divided by verified reuse count	packaging BOM and weights; device mass; reuse count	material-specific packaging kg per reference kg	epd-ies-pcr-2024-06
calc_projector_replacements	Projector use	replacement quantity = declared scenario count or observed maintenance count; retain rated and realized light-source life and do not derive replacements from rated life alone when observed records exist	service hours; rated and realized light-source life; maintenance records	replacement parts per reference kg and service life	cheung-projector-lca-2018; iec-62471-5-2015
calc_family_average	Product-family datasets	weighted amount = sum of model-specific amount multiplied by verified production share; aggregate only after monitor and projector strata remain separately reviewable	model results; production quantities; technology family	disclosed weighted family result	epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product and all model averages	Demonstrate principal ADP use and preserve monitor or projector family, model scope, size, resolution, brightness measure, display or projection technology, interfaces, power supply, stand or mount, and product mass.	Product specification, model list, intended-use documentation, photographs or technical drawings, and reference-flow record
dq_technology_separation	BOM, test, lifetime, and downstream data	Do not transfer monitor panel, luminance, or lifetime values to projectors, or projector optical-engine, light-output, light-source, or replacement values to monitors.	Technology-stratified BOM, process map, test record, and scenario record
dq_temporal_geographic	Foreground activity data and upstream datasets	State reference year, production period, sites, suppliers, market, electricity geography, and data age; justify any older or non-local proxy.	Dataset metadata, invoices, meter periods, supplier dataset metadata, and proxy justification
dq_measurement_traceability	Mass, power, energy, luminance, light output, and waste measurements	Retain instrument identity, calibration status, raw unrounded results, test configuration, aggregation, and unit conversion.	Calibration certificate, raw file, method revision, calculation workbook, and review sign-off
dq_completeness	All known inputs and outputs	Reconcile BOM, accepted output, returns, inventory change, packaging, utilities, wastes, wastewater, and direct emissions. List unresolved known flows rather than silently cutting them off.	Mass and energy reconciliation, missing-data register, proxy list, and completeness review
dq_lifetime_scenario	Use, maintenance, and replacement	State whether lifetime and operating hours are observed, warranted, specified, or scenario-based; show sensitivity when use or replacement assumptions materially affect results.	Fleet or warranty data, product specification, scenario approval, and sensitivity result

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	Require product flow 0f14f2f1-768f-44cd-b5d7-b81ecbe1a9b8, Mass property 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66, Units of mass group 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66, unit kg, and exactly 1 kg finished-device output excluding packaging.
validate_adp_scope	Product identity	Require documentary evidence that ADP visual output is the principal intended purpose. Reject television receivers, non-ADP-principal-use displays or projectors, component-only products, and the narrower CPC 47314 product flow.	epd-ies-pcr-2024-06
validate_technology_fields	Required qualifiers	Require monitor or projector family and the matching size, resolution, luminance or light output, panel or imaging technology, light source, electronics, enclosure, stand or mount, power, lifetime, and packaging fields. Reject cross-family units such as projector lumen used as monitor cd/m2.	energy-star-displays-v8-2021; iec-61947-1-2002
validate_bom_mass_balance	Manufacturing inventory	Require a component and material BOM, measured accepted device mass, packaging separated from product mass, and a reconciled record of returns, work-in-progress, scrap, and unexplained residual.	epa-desktop-display-lca-2001; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06
validate_power_test	Power testing and use model	Require declared test method, voltage, frequency, signal, picture or brightness settings, ABC and network state, stabilization, raw readings, and measured power for every applicable state. Do not use monitor regulation values as projector test results.	energy-star-displays-v8-2021; eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021; iec-61947-1-2002
validate_lifetime_replacement	Lifecycle models	Require service years, operating hours by power state, repair and replacement scenario, and projector light-source life and replacement count where applicable. Flag any unsupported shared lifetime across monitors and projectors.	cheung-projector-lca-2018; ec-pef-2021
validate_sources_proxies	All rules and rows	Require every external source id to resolve in Data Sources and every proxy, missing UUID, omission, allocation, and scenario assumption to be disclosed with its effect on completeness.	ec-pef-2021; epd-ies-pcr-2024-06

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset that may be published as a secondary_dataset or background_dataset after review
downstream_use	Construction of process and lifecyclemodel datasets for monitors or data projectors principally used in ADP systems, including office, industrial, data-centre, network-operations, and digital-infrastructure applications
allowed_use	Product- and technology-specific manufacturing inventories; transparent weighted model-family datasets; downstream distribution, use, maintenance, and end-of-life scenarios when all required qualifiers and stage data are supplied
excluded_use	Television receivers; non-ADP-principal-use displays or projectors; comparison of monitor and projector results that do not share functional performance and boundary; component-only inventories presented as finished devices; undisclosed substitution of CPC 47314 or other proxy flows
required_metadata	Canonical PCR id; CPC context; reference flow UUID and mass basis; product family; principal ADP use evidence; model scope and weights; size; native resolution; luminance or light output; panel, imaging, and light-source technology; electronics and power supply; enclosure and stand or mount; device mass; test method and power states; service life and operating hours; projector light-source replacement; packaging BOM; geography; reference year; system boundary; allocation; data sources and proxies
required_quality_disclosure	Site and supplier coverage; foreground period; measurement and calibration; BOM and mass-balance closure; test configuration; model-family weighting; data age; missing UUIDs and flows; proxy use; power and lifetime scenario; packaging separation; allocation; uncertainty and sensitivity; review status
update_trigger	Product-family or principal-use change; panel, imaging, light-source, electronics, power-supply, enclosure, stand, or packaging redesign; material or supplier change; new manufacturing site; changed test method or power management; changed service-life or repair evidence; material shift in electricity, yield, waste, allocation, or end-of-life route; replacement of a provisional proxy or unresolved UUID

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
epd-ies-pcr-2024-06	standard	International EPD System, PCR 2024:06, Electronic and electric equipment, and electronic components (non-construction), version 1.0.1, valid through 2029-10-28, https://www.environdec.com/pcr-library/pcr_23d2c7b4-04cd-4a57-8ca7-08d9b348866f (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Electronics-sector scope, life-cycle stages, declared-unit and data-production structure, allocation, packaging, use, and end-of-life disclosure
ec-pef-2021	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 of 15 December 2021 on the use of Environmental Footprint methods, ELI http://data.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Life-cycle boundary, data quality, allocation, scenario, proxy, verification, and disclosure rules
epa-desktop-display-lca-2001	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, Desktop Computer Displays: A Life-Cycle Assessment, Volume 1, EPA/744-R-01-004a, December 2001, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=200016BC.TXT (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Monitor component and manufacturing-process decomposition, panel/module, printed wiring board, power supply, enclosure and stand, data collection, use electricity, allocation, and data-quality structure
energy-star-displays-v8-2021	official_guidance	U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Displays, Version 8.0, Rev. November 2021, https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/Displays%20Version%208.0%20Program%20Requirements%20Rev.%20Nov-2021.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Monitor definitions, representative-model testing, power states, power management, luminance, native resolution, configuration, voltage and frequency, and reporting requirements
eu-electronic-displays-2019-2021	official_guidance	Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2021 of 1 October 2019 laying down ecodesign requirements for electronic displays, ELI http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2021/oj (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Monitor-only screen area, resolution, luminance, on/sleep/off/networked power, test conditions, material efficiency, repair and dismantling; explicit evidence that projectors require a different method
iec-61947-1-2002	standard	IEC 61947-1:2002, Electronic projection - Measurement and documentation of key performance criteria - Part 1: Fixed resolution projectors, https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6147 (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Projector-specific imaging technologies and measurement and documentation of performance parameters
iec-62471-5-2015	standard	IEC 62471-5:2015, Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems - Part 5: Image projectors, https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/22639 (retrieved 2026-08-09)	Projector light-source identity, optical-radiation test conditions, safety-related manufacturing and replacement disclosure
cheung-projector-lca-2018	literature	Cheung, C. W.; Berger, M.; Finkbeiner, M. Comparative life cycle assessment of re-use and replacement for video projectors. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23, 82-94 (2018). DOI: 10.1007/s11367-017-1301-3	Projector component importance, printed wiring boards and integrated circuits, use-stage electricity, service-life extension, replacement and reuse scenarios