Lead, unwrought

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground data packages for unwrought lead metal leaving a producer as crude, refined, soft, hard, or alloyed lead in a cast primary form such as a pig, sow, or ingot. It covers primary production from lead-bearing concentrate and secondary production from lead scrap; the data package shall select and disclose one route, or transparently model a measured site-specific mix without merging route inventories before collection.

The boundary ends at the producer gate after refining, alloy adjustment when applicable, and casting. Lead ore and concentrate as products, lead scrap as a final product, lead oxides, semi-finished lead plate/sheet/strip/foil/powder, fabricated articles, batteries, and downstream rolling, extrusion, or article manufacture are outside this PCR.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.lead-unwrought
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41441, Lead, unwrought (mapping context only)
covered_products	Unwrought lead metal in crude or refined, unalloyed or declared-alloy grade, supplied in cast primary forms such as pigs, sows, or ingots
excluded_products	Lead ores and concentrates; lead scrap sold as scrap; lead oxides; semi-finished lead; fabricated lead articles; batteries; downstream forming and manufacture
representative_product	Crude lead, with actual purity, alloy composition, casting form, and saleable grade declared
production_route	Primary smelting and refining from lead-bearing concentrate, or secondary recovery, smelting, refining, and casting from lead scrap
market_state	Solid unwrought lead at the producer gate, net of transport packaging

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply unwrought lead metal as feedstock for downstream fabrication or alloy use
How much	1 kg net saleable unwrought lead at the producer gate
How well	Declared lead content, impurity or alloy composition, grade specification, primary/secondary route, casting form, and conformance status
How long or cycle	One production batch or reporting-period output; no use-stage service life is represented
reference_flow_link	primary_lead_product or secondary_lead_product, according to the declared route

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Crude lead 063889a6-fcdf-48f8-a229-992a07bc2b0a
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	primary, secondary, or measured mixed route; lead purity and full declared alloy/impurity composition; product grade/specification; casting form; producer geography; production technology and furnace type; reporting period; recycled-content accounting convention; net-mass and moisture/contamination basis; producer-gate boundary

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_net_mass	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Measure net saleable metal mass at the producer gate, excluding pallets, straps, mould coatings, and transport packaging.
grade_composition_basis	Lead-bearing inputs and product	Mass	kg	Record wet or as-received feed mass separately from dry mass and contained lead; report product lead content and each intentionally added alloying constituent on a consistent mass basis.
electricity_energy_basis	Purchased electricity	Energy	MJ	Record metered electricity and the grid/contract geography and voltage; convert kWh to MJ with 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ without changing the underlying meter record.
fuel_energy_basis	Natural gas and coke	Volume or Mass	m3 or kg	Preserve purchased quantity and declared reference conditions; calculate energy only with the supplier or site-specific net calorific value and retain that factor.
direct_emission_basis	Direct elementary outputs	Mass	kg	Report only releases from foreground operations; keep captured/recycled material and upstream electricity or fuel-supply emissions outside direct-emission rows.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Primary route: lead-bearing concentrate as received at the smelter gate. Secondary route: sorted lead scrap as received at the recovery/smelter gate.
starting_condition_role	Purchased or transferred lead-bearing feed entering the foreground producer
product_classification_scope	Unwrought lead metal independent of the external classification tree; CPC 41441 is mapping context
recursive_input_rule	Unwrought lead internally remelted within the same reporting system is an internal loop and is not duplicated as an upstream product input; purchased unwrought lead is recorded as a separate input with an upstream dataset.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Provide geographically and temporally representative upstream datasets for every purchased material, fuel, electricity, oxygen, water, reagent, and externally treated residue crossing the boundary.
disclosure	Declare route, feed origin and composition, furnace/refining technology, gas and dust controls, sulfur management, co-product destinations, waste treatment, product grade, and all exclusions.

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_primary_route	Primary production	Include concentrate receipt and handling, preparation or sintering when used, smelting/reduction, gas cleaning and sulfur recovery when used, bullion refining, alloy adjustment, casting, on-site residue handling, and direct releases through the producer gate.	us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_secondary_route	Secondary production	Include scrap receipt and preparation performed by the producer, smelting/reduction, gas cleaning, refining or alloy adjustment, casting, on-site residue handling, and direct releases through the producer gate.	us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
boundary_upstream_inputs	Purchased inputs	Link upstream supply datasets at the actual delivered grade, state, geography, and reference conditions; do not include their upstream emissions again as direct foreground releases.
boundary_exclusions	Downstream stages	Exclude off-site transport after the producer gate, downstream forming/fabrication, product use, and end-of-life unless a broader study adds them as separately identified processes.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
primary_unwrought_lead	Primary unwrought lead production	conditional	Include when lead-bearing concentrate is the principal feed; declare sinter/blast, direct-smelting, or other verified furnace configuration.	Foreground primary smelting, refining, and casting	kg net saleable unwrought lead
secondary_unwrought_lead	Secondary unwrought lead production	conditional	Include when waste and scrap of lead is the principal feed; declare scrap preparation and furnace configuration.	Foreground secondary recovery, smelting, refining, and casting	kg net saleable unwrought lead

Exactly one route is normally selected. A producer operating both routes may report a measured site-specific mix only when separate route outputs and shared operations are documented and no exchange is double counted.

Process: Primary unwrought lead production (primary_unwrought_lead)

Inputs

Product flows

Lead-bearing concentrate (primary_lead_concentrate)

Record the dry and as-received mass and contained-lead assay of concentrate delivered to the primary smelter.

• Selected flow: lead concentrate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured concentrate received and consumed, reconciled to dry mass and contained lead
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Metallurgical coke (primary_coke)

Record coke used as reducing agent or process fuel; exclude coke internally recycled without crossing the system boundary.

• Selected flow: metallurgical coke a94c42b1-7fa9-42f3-a9d1-1e7353e8490d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured delivered coke consumed by foreground furnaces
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Limestone flux (primary_limestone)

Record limestone charged as flux, with grade and carbonate content declared.

• Selected flow: Limestone 6cf9f186-6e7e-40b5-800e-6759a429e7a8
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured limestone charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995

Silica flux (primary_silica_sand)

Record silica sand charged as flux, with silica content declared.

• Selected flow: silica sand 854527a0-1a8f-43af-b7c5-8c20d22e61ff
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured silica sand charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Industrial oxygen (primary_oxygen)

Record purchased oxygen when oxygen enrichment or oxygen injection is used; declare purity, pressure, and reference conditions.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered purchased oxygen at declared reference conditions; zero only when documented absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process water (primary_process_water)

Record process water crossing the facility boundary; cooling-water loops are not represented by this row unless makeup water is measured as process water.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured net process-water input
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Purchased electricity (primary_electricity)

Record metered alternating-current electricity supplied to the facility, with voltage and grid or contract geography declared.

• Selected flow: alternating-current electricity supply
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: metered purchased electricity converted from kWh when necessary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Gaseous natural gas (primary_natural_gas)

Record natural gas burned in kettles, dryers, or other directly fired foreground equipment.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered natural gas at declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_utilities
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sodium hydroxide refining reagent (primary_sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide used to remove residual impurities; declare solution concentration and supplied state.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured sodium-hydroxide product mass, with active-content concentration retained
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995

Waste flows

No waste input is prescribed. Any externally sourced residue used as feed shall be represented by its own chemically and physically specific product or waste exchange and shall not be merged with concentrate.

Elementary flows

No elementary input is prescribed at the facility boundary; air used for combustion is not inventoried unless the selected modelling convention requires it consistently.

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable primary unwrought lead (primary_lead_product)

This is the quantitative-reference output for a primary-route data package.

• Selected flow: Crude lead 063889a6-fcdf-48f8-a229-992a07bc2b0a
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg after normalization of measured net saleable output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_outputs
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995

Sulfuric acid co-product (primary_sulfuric_acid)

Record saleable sulfuric acid when sulfur dioxide from sulfur-bearing primary feed is converted in an on-site acid plant; otherwise document the actual sulfur-control output separately.

• Selected flow: Sulfuric acid 7ee2e3c3-bee7-4520-92b7-3e23afbfcd6f
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured saleable sulfuric acid crossing the producer boundary; zero only when no saleable acid is produced
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

Lead-smelting slag (primary_lead_smelting_slag)

Record slag leaving the primary process for recovery, treatment, use, or disposal, with lead content and destination declared.

• Selected flow: lead smelting slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured slag mass leaving the foreground system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Lead-refining dross (primary_lead_refining_dross)

Record refining dross leaving the foreground system, with composition, recovery route, and final destination declared.

• Selected flow: lead refining dross
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dross mass leaving the foreground system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995

Copper-sulfide matte (primary_copper_matte)

Record matte transferred for metal recovery as a distinct output, not as slag.

• Selected flow: copper-sulfide matte from lead smelting
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured matte mass leaving the foreground system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Arsenic-antimony speiss (primary_speiss)

Record speiss transferred for recovery or treatment as a distinct output, with arsenic and antimony composition declared.

• Selected flow: arsenic-antimony speiss from lead smelting
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured speiss mass leaving the foreground system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide (primary_carbon_dioxide_fossil)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site coke and fuel combustion or reduction; exclude upstream fuel and electricity emissions.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured direct release or site-specific carbon balance reconciled to foreground fossil-carbon inputs
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sulfur dioxide to air (primary_sulfur_dioxide_air)

Record sulfur dioxide released after gas collection, acid production, scrubbing, and other controls; do not record sulfur retained in products or residues here.

• Selected flow: sulfur dioxide to air, unspecified
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured controlled and diffuse foreground release combined without double counting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Lead to air (primary_lead_air)

Record lead released to air from captured stacks and quantified diffuse sources.

• Selected flow: lead 4d9a8790-3ddd-11dd-91dc-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured lead release to air, unspecified compartment, including quantified diffuse emissions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Particulate matter to air (primary_particulate_air)

Record total particulate matter of unspecified particle size released after controls; retain any measured size fractions as separate supporting fields rather than substituting them for this total.

• Selected flow: particulate matter to air, unspecified particle size
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured total particulate release from stacks and quantified diffuse sources
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable primary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_primary_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process: Secondary unwrought lead production (secondary_unwrought_lead)

Inputs

Product flows

Waste and scrap of lead (secondary_lead_scrap)

Record sorted lead scrap delivered to the secondary producer; battery-derived feed must be declared after separation into the actual lead-bearing fraction represented by this row.

• Selected flow: Waste and scrap of lead c814e493-f6ff-48a6-9b92-caba670f15e3
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured delivered lead-scrap mass with contained lead, moisture, sulfur, plastics, and contamination recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Metallurgical coke (secondary_coke)

Record coke charged as fuel or reducing agent in the selected secondary furnace.

• Selected flow: metallurgical coke a94c42b1-7fa9-42f3-a9d1-1e7353e8490d
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured coke consumed by foreground operations
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Limestone flux (secondary_limestone)

Record limestone charged in the selected secondary smelting route.

• Selected flow: Limestone 6cf9f186-6e7e-40b5-800e-6759a429e7a8
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured limestone charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010

Ferrous scrap charge (secondary_scrap_steel)

Record ferrous scrap used for sulfur fixation, flux formation, or heat distribution; do not merge it with lead scrap.

• Selected flow: Scrap Steel 6cb5e364-ba39-4009-8b40-a76fdc88bc42
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured ferrous scrap charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Industrial oxygen (secondary_oxygen)

Record purchased oxygen when oxygen enrichment is used, with purity, pressure, and reference conditions declared.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered purchased oxygen at declared reference conditions; zero only when documented absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Process water (secondary_process_water)

Record process water crossing the secondary-producer boundary, excluding closed-loop recirculation.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured net process-water input
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Purchased electricity (secondary_electricity)

Record metered alternating-current electricity supplied to the facility, with voltage and grid or contract geography declared.

• Selected flow: alternating-current electricity supply
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: metered purchased electricity converted from kWh when necessary
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_utilities
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Gaseous natural gas (secondary_natural_gas)

Record natural gas burned in scrap pretreatment, smelting, refining, or casting equipment.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Units of volume 93a60a57-a3c8-12da-a746-0800200c9a66 / m3
• Amount rule: metered natural gas at declared reference conditions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_utilities
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sodium carbonate flux (secondary_sodium_carbonate)

Record sodium carbonate used for paste desulfurization, sulfur fixation, or furnace fluxing, with supplied grade declared.

• Selected flow: sodium carbonate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured sodium-carbonate product mass charged
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sodium hydroxide refining reagent (secondary_sodium_hydroxide)

Record sodium hydroxide used in paste treatment or refining; declare solution concentration, supplied state, and process role.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured sodium-hydroxide product mass, with active-content concentration retained
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_materials
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Waste flows

No waste input is prescribed. If a residue is accepted as feed, record it as its own specific exchange with composition and incoming treatment state.

Elementary flows

No elementary input is prescribed at the facility boundary; combustion air is handled consistently with the selected modelling convention.

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable secondary unwrought lead (secondary_lead_product)

This is the quantitative-reference output for a secondary-route data package.

• Selected flow: Crude lead 063889a6-fcdf-48f8-a229-992a07bc2b0a
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg after normalization of measured net saleable output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_outputs
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010

Waste flows

Secondary-lead-smelting slag (secondary_lead_smelting_slag)

Record slag leaving the secondary process with lead content, sulfur-fixation role, recovery status, and destination declared.

• Selected flow: secondary lead smelting slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured slag mass leaving the foreground system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Secondary-lead-refining dross (secondary_lead_refining_dross)

Record dross leaving the secondary refining system with composition, recovery route, and destination declared.

• Selected flow: secondary lead refining dross
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured dross mass leaving the foreground system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010

Elementary flows

Direct fossil carbon dioxide (secondary_carbon_dioxide_fossil)

Record direct fossil carbon dioxide from on-site coke and fuel combustion or reduction; exclude upstream fuel and electricity emissions.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured direct release or site-specific carbon balance reconciled to foreground fossil-carbon inputs
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Sulfur dioxide to air (secondary_sulfur_dioxide_air)

Record sulfur dioxide released after paste desulfurization, sulfur fixation, scrubbing, acid production, and other controls.

• Selected flow: sulfur dioxide to air, unspecified
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured controlled and diffuse foreground release combined without double counting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Lead to air (secondary_lead_air)

Record lead released to air from captured stacks and quantified diffuse sources.

• Selected flow: lead 4d9a8790-3ddd-11dd-91dc-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: measured lead release to air, unspecified compartment, including quantified diffuse emissions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

Particulate matter to air (secondary_particulate_air)

Record total particulate matter of unspecified particle size released after controls; retain measured size fractions separately.

• Selected flow: particulate matter to air, unspecified particle size
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured total particulate release from stacks and quantified diffuse sources
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg net saleable secondary unwrought lead
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_secondary_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Shared operations and route mixing	Subdivide primary and secondary routes and separately metered refining, sulfur recovery, and residue recovery whenever records permit; do not average routes merely to avoid subdivision.
allocation_internal_recycling	Internal lead, dust, slag, and dross loops	Exclude internal-loop exchanges from external inventory totals while retaining the gross records needed for mass-balance checks; allocate no separate burden to an internal loop.	us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
allocation_scrap_input	Secondary lead feed	Carry the selected upstream dataset for delivered lead scrap, including collection and pretreatment within that dataset boundary; do not add an avoided-primary-lead credit inside the foreground producer.
allocation_coproducts	Sulfuric acid or another saleable co-product	Prefer separately measured subdivision or a documented causal physical relation. If neither is feasible, apply economic allocation using contemporaneous producer-gate values, disclose the period and price basis, and report a sensitivity result; residues without a market are treated as waste outputs, not co-products.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_primary_materials	primary_unwrought_lead	Concentrate, coke, fluxes, and refining reagent	Weighbridge, batch charge, assay, and purchase records	gross_mass; tare_mass; moisture; Pb_assay; material_grade; active_content; batch_id	Reconcile delivered, returned, stored, and charged quantities by material	kg	Each delivery and furnace batch	Complete reporting period	All primary-route units within the producer boundary	Sum net consumed mass by material; retain dry-mass and contained-lead calculations separately	Calibrated scales; laboratory certificates; stock reconciliation; batch logs
cp_primary_utilities	primary_unwrought_lead	Oxygen, water, electricity, and natural gas	Utility meters and invoices	meter_open; meter_close; import; export; reference_conditions; NCV; allocation_key	Reconcile submeter totals to facility invoices and shared-service allocation	m3; kg; kWh; MJ	Continuous or billing interval	Complete reporting period	All foreground primary operations and documented shared services	Net imports minus verified exports; convert units only under Section 4	Meter calibration; invoices; reference-condition and NCV records; allocation worksheet
cp_primary_outputs	primary_unwrought_lead	Lead, sulfuric acid, slag, dross, matte, and speiss	Product scales, shipment records, residue manifests, and assays	output_mass; grade; composition; destination; recovery_status; batch_id	Reconcile produced, shipped, stored, internally recycled, and discarded outputs	kg	Each batch or shipment	Complete reporting period	All foreground primary outputs	Sum external outputs by identity and destination; keep internal loops separate	Scale calibration; certificates of analysis; shipment and waste records; stock reconciliation
cp_primary_emissions	primary_unwrought_lead	Direct CO2, SO2, lead, and particulate	Continuous or periodic monitoring, validated stack tests, diffuse estimates, and fuel/carbon balance	source_id; pollutant; concentration; gas_flow; duration; capture_status; fuel_carbon; uncertainty	Calculate source-specific mass releases and reconcile capture and bypass events	kg	Monitoring interval and every reportable event	Complete reporting period including startup, shutdown, and upset events	All controlled and diffuse foreground sources	Sum source-specific direct releases once; exclude captured return and upstream emissions	Calibration and QA records; test reports; operating hours; carbon and sulfur balance; uncertainty statement
cp_secondary_materials	secondary_unwrought_lead	Lead scrap, coke, limestone, ferrous scrap, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide	Weighbridge, sorting, assay, batch charge, and purchase records	net_mass; moisture; Pb_content; sulfur; plastics; contamination; material_grade; batch_id	Reconcile delivered, rejected, stored, separated, and charged quantities by material	kg	Each delivery and furnace batch	Complete reporting period	All secondary-route units within the producer boundary	Sum net consumed mass by specific material; keep separated non-lead fractions distinct	Calibrated scales; sorting records; laboratory assays; stock reconciliation; batch logs
cp_secondary_utilities	secondary_unwrought_lead	Oxygen, water, electricity, and natural gas	Utility meters and invoices	meter_open; meter_close; import; export; reference_conditions; NCV; allocation_key	Reconcile submeter totals to facility invoices and shared-service allocation	m3; kg; kWh; MJ	Continuous or billing interval	Complete reporting period	All foreground secondary operations and documented shared services	Net imports minus verified exports; convert units only under Section 4	Meter calibration; invoices; reference-condition and NCV records; allocation worksheet
cp_secondary_outputs	secondary_unwrought_lead	Lead, slag, and dross	Product scales, shipment records, residue manifests, and assays	output_mass; grade; composition; destination; recovery_status; batch_id	Reconcile produced, shipped, stored, internally recycled, and discarded outputs	kg	Each batch or shipment	Complete reporting period	All foreground secondary outputs	Sum external outputs by identity and destination; keep internal loops separate	Scale calibration; certificates of analysis; shipment and waste records; stock reconciliation
cp_secondary_emissions	secondary_unwrought_lead	Direct CO2, SO2, lead, and particulate	Continuous or periodic monitoring, validated stack tests, diffuse estimates, and fuel/carbon balance	source_id; pollutant; concentration; gas_flow; duration; capture_status; fuel_carbon; uncertainty	Calculate source-specific mass releases and reconcile control, bypass, and afterburner events	kg	Monitoring interval and every reportable event	Complete reporting period including startup, shutdown, and upset events	All controlled and diffuse foreground sources	Sum source-specific direct releases once; exclude captured return and upstream emissions	Calibration and QA records; test reports; operating hours; carbon and sulfur balance; uncertainty statement

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory row	normalized amount = reporting-period exchange amount / reporting-period net saleable unwrought-lead mass	Exchange totals; net saleable lead output	Amount per 1 kg reference product
calc_dry_concentrate	primary_lead_concentrate	dry mass = as-received mass × (1 - measured moisture fraction); contained lead = dry mass × dry-basis Pb assay	As-received mass; moisture; Pb assay	Dry concentrate and contained-lead mass
calc_scrap_contained_lead	secondary_lead_scrap	contained lead = mass of each accepted scrap fraction × its measured Pb content; sum only accepted lead-bearing fractions	Fraction masses; Pb assays; reject records	Contained lead in secondary feed
calc_direct_emission_mass	Direct SO2, lead, and particulate	source release = concentration × dry gas flow × operating duration, adjusted only by documented reference-condition conversions; sum stack and separately quantified diffuse sources	Monitoring data; gas flow; duration; reference conditions	Pollutant mass released	us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
calc_carbon_balance	Direct fossil CO2 when continuous CO2 mass is unavailable	Convert site-specific fossil-carbon consumption and measured carbon retained in products/residues to direct fossil CO2 using a documented carbon balance; do not use a generic emission factor without source review.	Fuel and coke carbon; retained carbon; measured off-gas information	Direct fossil CO2 mass
calc_mass_balance	Each route	mass balance closure = identified external outputs plus direct mass releases and inventory change divided by identified external inputs; report the unaccounted mass and investigate material discrepancies without forcing closure.	Material inputs; products; wastes; emissions; opening and closing stocks	Route mass-balance evidence

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Retain product grade, lead content, full declared alloy/impurity composition, casting form, route, batch or period, and conformance evidence.	Certificates of analysis; product specifications; batch and shipment records
dq_feed_identity	Lead-bearing feed	Report feed origin, physical state, moisture, lead content, sulfur, relevant impurities, and recycled/primary status; do not substitute an umbrella feed label.	Supplier certificates; sampling plan; laboratory assays; sorting records
dq_temporal_coverage	All rows	Cover a representative continuous reporting period and include startup, shutdown, maintenance, bypass, and upset events; disclose gaps and extrapolation.	Meter completeness report; production calendar; event logs
dq_mass_balance	Each route	Reconcile lead and total mass across inputs, products, internal loops, residues, emissions, and stock changes; investigate rather than hide unexplained differences.	Lead balance; total mass balance; stock reconciliation; corrective-action notes
dq_emission_coverage	Direct emissions	Include captured stack releases and quantified diffuse releases, identify particle fraction and compartment, and exclude captured material returned to process.	Monitoring plan; stack tests; diffuse-emission method; control-device records
dq_upstream_representativeness	Purchased inputs	Use upstream datasets matching delivered geography, grade, technology, and reference conditions, and disclose substitutions.	Dataset-selection log; supplier data; representativeness assessment

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_reference_identity	Reference flow	Confirm that the quantitative-reference output is unwrought lead, uses the verified Crude lead UUID and Mass/kg support chain, and declares all required qualifiers.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
validate_route_selection	Process map	Require a primary, secondary, or explicitly measured mixed-site route declaration; reject a dataset that silently combines route defaults or incompatible furnace scenarios.	eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_inventory_atomicity	Inventory	Require each exchange to keep one chemical or physical identity, direction, flow type, property, unit, route condition, and destination; reject umbrella utilities, materials, wastes, or emissions.
validate_uuid_support	UUID-bearing and unresolved rows	Recheck every final UUID against public state 100, bilingual baseName, flow type, classification, property, and unit group; unresolved rows must retain their exact identity and receive a reviewed UUID before publication.
validate_no_double_counting	Utilities and emissions	Confirm that direct foreground CO2, SO2, lead, and particulate exclude upstream supply-chain emissions and that internal dust, slag, dross, or metal return loops are not counted as external flows.	us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995; us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010; eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017
validate_balance_and_coverage	Dataset completeness	Review lead balance, total mass balance, temporal coverage, stock changes, missing records, control bypasses, co-product allocation, and waste destinations; unresolved discrepancies or undocumented exclusions fail validation.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	secondary_dataset or background_dataset for producer-gate unwrought lead
downstream_use	Foreground input to lead fabrication, alloying, battery, construction, shielding, chemical, or other downstream lifecycle models when grade and route match
allowed_use	Product systems requiring 1 kg of declared-grade unwrought lead at the producer gate, with route, geography, technology, allocation, and recycled-content convention matched
excluded_use	Lead ore/concentrate, lead scrap, lead oxide, semi-finished lead, fabricated articles, batteries, unidentified mixed lead products, or a cradle-to-grave claim without added upstream/downstream processes
required_metadata	Product grade and composition; crude/refined/alloy state; casting form; primary/secondary/mixed route; feed origin; furnace and refining technology; geography; reporting period; allocation method; recycled-content convention; control technology; data sources; unresolved substitutions
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; meter and assay coverage; lead and total mass-balance results; temporal gaps; diffuse-emission method; uncertainty; co-product treatment; residue destinations; upstream dataset representativeness
update_trigger	Change in feed mix, primary/secondary share, furnace or refining technology, product grade, sulfur or dust control, energy supply, allocation method, residue destination, reporting period, or a material mass-balance/quality finding

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Official classification identity CPC 41441, Lead, unwrought
us-epa-ap42-primary-lead-1995	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, AP-42 Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting, January 1995, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/c12s06.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Primary-route process decomposition, specific charge materials, refining/casting, residues, and direct air-emission candidates
us-epa-ap42-secondary-lead-2010	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, AP-42 Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing, October 1986, reformatted January 1995, tables updated September 2010, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/c12s11_2010.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Secondary-route scrap preparation, smelting, refining/casting, charge materials, residues, and direct air-emission candidates
eu-jrc-nfm-bref-2017	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries, 2017, https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC107041_NFM_bref2017.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-04)	Primary/secondary route distinction, direct-smelting and battery-recovery variants, utilities, residues, emissions, controls, and foreground qualifiers