Starches; inulin; wheat gluten; dextrins and other modified starches

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR governs foreground production data packages for products within CPC 3.0 subclass 23220: native starches from plant feedstocks; inulin; wheat gluten; dextrins; and physically, enzymatically, or chemically modified starches. It covers bulk or packaged products at the manufacturing plant gate and route-specific operations from receipt of the declared plant or intermediate feedstock through separation or extraction, refining, optional modification, concentration or drying, product finishing, and on-site waste and emission management.

The category is broader than the available representative Tiangong flow. Starch is therefore only the representative product form for this PCR. A data producer must declare the concrete product form and must replace the representative flow with a more specific real Tiangong flow whenever one exists. The representative Starch UUID must never be silently assigned to inulin, wheat gluten, dextrins, modified starches, or a more specific starch identity.

This PCR excludes starch-derived sweeteners, glucose and fructose syrups, polyols, ethanol, finished foods, paper products, adhesives, textiles, and other downstream articles. It also excludes agricultural production before the received feedstock and downstream distribution, use, and end of life unless the declared study explicitly adds those stages with separate datasets.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.grain-mill-products-starches-and-starch-products-other-food-products.starches-inulin-wheat-gluten-dextrins-and-other-modified-starches
classification_refs	CPC 3.0:23220, exact scope reference
covered_products	Native plant starches; inulin; wheat gluten; dextrins; physically, enzymatically, or chemically modified starches
excluded_products	Starch sweeteners and syrups; polyols; ethanol; finished food, paper, adhesive, textile, pharmaceutical, or other downstream formulations and articles
representative_product	Starch, represented by Tiangong flow e5842f16-31b3-4ea4-b16a-f7b06beeb6c3; representative product form only, not a default identity for other covered forms
production_route	Route-specific plant-component separation or extraction, refining, optional modification, concentration or drying, and finishing at the manufacturing site
market_state	Declared as-sold bulk or packaged powder, granule, wet cake, slurry, paste, or other specified commercial state at plant gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide the declared CPC 23220 starch, inulin, wheat gluten, dextrin, or modified-starch product in its specified commercial form
How much	1 kg of as-sold product at the manufacturing plant gate
How well	Conforming to the declared product identity, botanical feedstock, native or modified status, dry-matter or moisture content, purity or grade, and intended technical specification
How long or cycle	One production lot at release; shelf life is declared when relevant to the product specification
reference_flow_link	1 kg of the declared product; use the representative Starch flow only for a declared starch product when no more specific real flow exists

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg as-sold product at plant gate
Reference product flow	Starch, representative product form only e5842f16-31b3-4ea4-b16a-f7b06beeb6c3
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	concrete product form; product-specific Tiangong flow decision; botanical feedstock; native, dextrin, inulin, wheat-gluten, or modification identity; modification method and agents when applicable; as-sold physical state; dry-matter or moisture content; purity or grade; production route; plant geography; reference period; packaging state; allocation method

When constructing a foreground data package, every Required qualifiers item must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, the reference-flow comment, the product description, or an equivalent data-package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference-flow definition incomplete. If the concrete product is not generic starch, or if a more specific real starch flow is available, the representative UUID must be replaced and the replacement decision recorded.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass_as_sold	Reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Report the reference amount on the declared as-sold basis and record moisture or dry-matter content; do not mix dry-solids and as-sold masses without an explicit conversion.
dry_matter_conversion	Raw materials, intermediates, products, and co-products	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	When comparing wet and dry streams, retain measured wet mass and solids fraction and calculate dry mass separately.
energy_carrier_separation	Electricity, steam, and fuels	Declared energy or fuel property	kWh, MJ, kg, or m3 as metered	Keep purchased electricity, imported steam, and each fuel separate; preserve the metered unit and document any conversion factor.
water_accounting	Fresh, recycled, and discharged water	Declared mass or volume property	kg or m3	Distinguish fresh intake, internally recycled process water, water embedded in product or co-products, evaporation, and discharged wastewater.
product_flow_identity	Reference and product outputs	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	The selected product-flow UUID must match the concrete declared form; e5842f16-31b3-4ea4-b16a-f7b06beeb6c3 is permitted only as the representative Starch identity when no closer real flow exists.

5. System Boundary

The foreground boundary begins when the declared plant raw material or purchased intermediate crosses the manufacturing-site gate and ends when the conforming product is released in its declared bulk or packaged state at the plant gate. Include route-specific separation, extraction, refining, modification, concentration, drying, finishing, internal recycling, cleaning directly attributable to production, on-site utilities used by these operations, and on-site management of wastes, wastewater, and direct emissions.

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Received botanical raw material or purchased intermediate with measured mass, moisture or solids, origin, supplier, and product identity
starting_condition_role	Foreground manufacturing input at the site gate
product_classification_scope	CPC 3.0:23220 products only; route and concrete product form must be declared
recursive_input_rule	A purchased native starch, inulin, gluten, dextrin, or modified-starch input is recorded once as an upstream product input and linked to an upstream dataset; do not recursively reapply this foreground route to that input
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use supplier-specific or representative upstream datasets for cultivation, primary production, and inbound supply to the declared starting condition; disclose geography, reference period, technology, and data quality
disclosure	Declare product form, feedstock, route, plant geography, reference period, allocation, included packaging, on-site treatment, excluded stages, and every substituted product-flow UUID

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_rule_1	foreground manufacturing	Include all material, energy, water, product, co-product, waste, wastewater, and direct-emission flows attributable to the declared route from the site-gate starting condition to released product.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bref-2019
boundary_rule_2	route selection	Include only route processes that actually occur, but record a justified not-applicable decision for each conditional process in the Process Map.	eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7
boundary_rule_3	purchased same-category intermediates	Prevent recursion by treating a purchased same-category intermediate as a product input with its own upstream dataset.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
boundary_rule_4	representative product flow	Never use the representative Starch UUID for another covered form; replace it with a product-specific flow whenever a more faithful real Tiangong identity exists.	un-cpc-3-0-23220

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
raw_material_receiving	Raw-material receiving and preparation	required	Always	Foreground receipt, cleaning, size reduction, and feed preparation	Per 1 kg reference product
starch_component_separation	Starch or wheat-component separation and refining	conditional	Native starch, dextrin, modified-starch, or integrated wheat-gluten route	Foreground wet or dry separation, washing, refining, and intermediate recovery	Per 1 kg reference product
inulin_extraction	Inulin extraction and purification	conditional	Inulin route	Foreground root preparation, extraction, separation, purification, and concentration	Per 1 kg reference product
wheat_gluten_finishing	Wheat-gluten isolation and finishing	conditional	Wheat gluten is the declared product or co-product	Foreground gluten separation, dewatering, and optional drying	Per 1 kg reference product
starch_modification	Dextrinisation or starch modification	conditional	Dextrin or modified starch is declared	Foreground physical, enzymatic, or chemical transformation and post-treatment	Per 1 kg reference product
product_finishing	Product finishing and plant-gate release	required	Always	Foreground concentration or drying, screening, storage, packaging, and release	1 kg conforming as-sold product
onsite_residuals_management	On-site residuals and emission management	conditional	Wastewater, captured dust, organic residues, or direct emissions arise on site	Foreground collection, treatment, recovery, and discharge	Per 1 kg reference product

Process: Raw-material receiving and preparation (raw_material_receiving)

Inputs

Product flows

Declared botanical raw material or purchased intermediate (plant_raw_material_input)

Record the actual feedstock entering the site, such as maize, wheat, potatoes, chicory roots, another declared starch feedstock, wheat flour, or purchased native starch. A purchased CPC 23220 intermediate requires its own upstream dataset and does not inherit the representative Starch UUID.

• Selected flow: Product-specific Tiangong flow to be resolved for the declared feedstock
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured received mass by lot, with moisture or solids fraction
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Waste flows

Removed foreign material and preparation rejects (preparation_reject_output)

Measure screenings, soil, stones, damaged roots or grain, and other rejects removed before processing.

• Selected flow: Site-specific waste flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured reject mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproducts_and_wastes
• Sources: us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Prepared process feed (prepared_feed_output)

Calculate prepared feed as received feed less measured rejects and documented storage or preparation losses.

• Selected flow: Internal intermediate; no external flow UUID required unless it crosses the dataset boundary
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: calculated prepared mass and dry mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Process: Starch or wheat-component separation and refining (starch_component_separation)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared plant feed (separation_feed_input)

Transfer the measured prepared feed from the receiving process. Route-specific operations may include dry milling, wet milling or steeping, grinding, screening, centrifugation, washing, and dewatering.

• Selected flow: Internal intermediate matching prepared_feed_output
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: transferred prepared mass and dry mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Fresh process water (process_water_input)

Measure fresh water supplied to steeping, separation, washing, and cleaning while retaining internal recycle separately.

• Selected flow: Site-specific water flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: metered fresh water attributable to the process
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_water
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Separation aids and pH-control agents (processing_aids_input)

Record each acid, sulfite-bearing agent, enzyme, salt, alkali, filter aid, cleaning chemical retained in the production balance, or other process aid separately when used.

• Selected flow: Product-specific chemical or enzyme flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured issued quantity less documented return
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Electricity used for milling and separation (electricity_input)

Measure electricity for conveying, milling, screening, centrifugation, pumping, and associated controls.

• Selected flow: Site electricity supply mix to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: sub-metered use or allocation from measured equipment load and operating time
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_water
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Refined starch slurry or separated wheat fractions (separated_component_output)

Measure the mass and solids of the refined starch slurry and, for wheat routes, separated gluten and soluble or fibre fractions before finishing.

• Selected flow: Internal route-specific intermediate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet mass and calculated dry mass by component
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_identity_and_output
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Marketable germ, fibre, protein, or soluble co-products (coproduct_output)

Record each co-product separately with destination, wet mass, solids, and commercial status; do not combine marketable co-products with waste.

• Selected flow: Product-specific co-product flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured shipped or transferred quantity by co-product
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproducts_and_wastes
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Waste flows

Separation wastewater or organic residual (wastewater_output)

Record wastewater volume and load at the point it leaves the process for on-site treatment, off-site treatment, or discharge.

• Selected flow: Site-specific wastewater flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: measured flow with sampled load indicators and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Elementary flows

Process: Inulin extraction and purification (inulin_extraction)

Inputs

Product flows

Prepared inulin-bearing feedstock (inulin_feed_input)

Record chicory roots or another explicitly declared inulin-bearing feedstock after receiving and preparation.

• Selected flow: Product-specific feedstock flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured feedstock mass with dry matter
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming inulin product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013

Extraction water and purification aids (inulin_water_and_aids_input)

Measure extraction water and record filtration, decolourisation, ion-exchange, antifoam, and other aids separately when used.

• Selected flow: Product-specific water and aid flows to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Volume or mass / m3 or kg
• Amount rule: measured quantity by material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming inulin product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Purified or concentrated inulin intermediate (inulin_intermediate_output)

Measure the recovered inulin stream and its solids or concentration before final drying or release.

• Selected flow: Product-specific inulin flow to be resolved; never use the representative Starch UUID
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet mass and calculated dry inulin mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming inulin product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_identity_and_output
• Sources: eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013

Chicory pulp, molasses, or vinasses co-products (inulin_coproduct_output)

Record each marketable or recovered co-product separately, including whether pulp is pressed or dried and whether the stream is sold, recovered, land-applied, or treated.

• Selected flow: Product-specific co-product flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured quantity, dry matter, and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming inulin product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproducts_and_wastes
• Sources: eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013

Waste flows

Inulin-route wastewater and spent purification media (inulin_residual_output)

Measure wastewater and spent filtration or ion-exchange media by treatment destination.

• Selected flow: Site-specific waste or wastewater flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured quantity by residual type
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming inulin product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013

Elementary flows

Process: Wheat-gluten isolation and finishing (wheat_gluten_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Separated wet gluten stream (wet_gluten_input)

Transfer the measured wet-gluten stream from the wheat-component separation process; if purchased, link it to its upstream dataset instead.

• Selected flow: Internal wet-gluten intermediate or purchased product-specific flow
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet mass and solids fraction
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming wheat-gluten product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_identity_and_output
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Finishing electricity and thermal energy (gluten_finishing_energy_input)

Measure energy used for dewatering, drying, milling, and screening wheat gluten.

• Selected flow: Site-specific electricity, steam, or fuel flows to be resolved separately
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel property / kWh, MJ, kg, or m3
• Amount rule: metered or equipment-specific measured use
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming wheat-gluten product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_water
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming wheat gluten (wheat_gluten_output)

Record the actual wheat-gluten product flow, grade, moisture, and protein specification. Never use the representative Starch UUID.

• Selected flow: Product-specific wheat-gluten Tiangong flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured conforming as-sold output
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg conforming wheat-gluten product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_identity_and_output
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Captured and released drying particulate (particulate_emission_output)

Measure captured dust as a waste or recovered product and measured stack particulate as an elementary flow; do not combine the two.

• Selected flow: Product-specific particulate flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured emission or validated calculation from monitoring data
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming wheat-gluten product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Process: Dextrinisation or starch modification (starch_modification)

Inputs

Product flows

Declared native starch feed (native_starch_input)

Record the native starch slurry, wet cake, or dry starch entering modification, with its botanical origin and solids.

• Selected flow: Product-specific native-starch flow; the representative Starch UUID may be used only when no closer real starch flow exists
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured as-sold or wet mass with calculated dry starch mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming dextrin or modified-starch product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Modification agents, enzymes, water, and catalysts (modification_agents_input)

Record each chemical, enzyme, catalyst, water input, neutralising agent, washing aid, and purification material separately according to the declared modification method.

• Selected flow: Product-specific input flows to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured issued amount less documented recovery or return
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming dextrin or modified-starch product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_materials_and_aids
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Modified-starch or dextrin intermediate (modified_product_intermediate_output)

Record the product-specific transformed stream after reaction and any washing or dewatering. The concrete modification identity is mandatory.

• Selected flow: Product-specific dextrin or modified-starch flow to be resolved; never default to the representative Starch UUID
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet or dry mass with solids and specification status
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming dextrin or modified-starch product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_identity_and_output
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Waste flows

Modification wastewater and spent media (modification_residual_output)

Record aqueous residuals, spent media, off-spec material, and recovered agents by destination.

• Selected flow: Site-specific waste or wastewater flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured quantity by residual type and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming dextrin or modified-starch product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Elementary flows

Direct air emissions from modification and drying (modification_air_emission_output)

Record measured particulate, acid mist, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide, or other reportable direct emissions when applicable; do not infer an emission factor from flow identity.

• Selected flow: Pollutant-specific elementary flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or permit-approved calculation from foreground monitoring
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming dextrin or modified-starch product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Process: Product finishing and plant-gate release (product_finishing)

Inputs

Product flows

Route-specific product intermediate (product_intermediate_input)

Transfer the route-specific purified, separated, modified, or concentrated intermediate into finishing.

• Selected flow: Internal intermediate matching the declared product route
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured transferred mass and solids
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_product_identity_and_output
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Electricity and thermal energy for finishing (thermal_energy_input)

Measure electricity, steam, and fuels used for concentration, dewatering, drying, milling, screening, conveying, and storage separately.

• Selected flow: Site-specific electricity, steam, and fuel flows to be resolved separately
• Flow property / unit: Energy or fuel property / kWh, MJ, kg, or m3
• Amount rule: sub-metered use or documented equipment allocation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_utilities_and_water
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Packaging materials (packaging_material_input)

Record primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging only when included in the declared market state, separated by material and actual mass.

• Selected flow: Packaging-material-specific flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured packaging consumption net of documented return
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg packaged reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging
• Sources: ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Conforming declared product at plant gate (reference_product_output)

Record the actual product-specific Tiangong flow and qualifiers. Use Starch e5842f16-31b3-4ea4-b16a-f7b06beeb6c3 only for a declared starch form when no more specific real flow exists.

• Selected flow: Declared product-specific flow; representative Starch e5842f16-31b3-4ea4-b16a-f7b06beeb6c3 only under the stated limitation
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: exactly 1 kg conforming as-sold product after normalization
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg declared reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Sources: ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279

Waste flows

Off-spec product, captured dust, and packaging waste (organic_waste_output)

Measure each residual separately and distinguish rework, recovered co-product, recycling, treatment, and disposal.

• Selected flow: Site-specific waste flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured mass by residual and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproducts_and_wastes
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Elementary flows

Finishing particulate and combustion emissions (finishing_air_emission_output)

Record pollutant-specific direct emissions from dryers and on-site combustion using measured monitoring or a documented calculation; captured material remains a waste or recovered product flow.

• Selected flow: Pollutant-specific elementary flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured or calculated from foreground monitoring and fuel records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7

Process: On-site residuals and emission management (onsite_residuals_management)

Inputs

Product flows

Treatment chemicals and imported treatment energy (residual_treatment_input)

Record chemicals, electricity, steam, and fuels used for on-site wastewater, air-emission, or residual treatment.

• Selected flow: Material- and energy-specific flows to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Declared property / kg, kWh, MJ, or m3
• Amount rule: measured treatment input attributable to the product system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Waste flows

Process wastewater and captured residuals received for treatment (residuals_received_input)

Transfer measured wastewater, captured dust, sludge precursors, spent media, and organic residuals into the applicable treatment operation without double counting.

• Selected flow: Internal waste streams matching upstream outputs
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: measured transferred quantity by stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Recovered biogas, water, or material (recovered_treatment_output)

Record recovered outputs only when measured and actually reused or exported; link internal reuse to the consuming process.

• Selected flow: Product-specific recovered flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Declared property / kg, m3, kWh, or MJ
• Amount rule: measured recovered quantity and destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coproducts_and_wastes
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Waste flows

Treatment sludge and spent media (treatment_waste_output)

Measure dewatered sludge and spent media by treatment or disposal destination.

• Selected flow: Site-specific waste flow to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured wet mass and dry solids by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

Elementary flows

Treated effluent and residual direct emissions (treated_release_output)

Record receiving compartment, measured discharge volume, sampled pollutant loads, and any residual air emissions from on-site treatment.

• Selected flow: Compartment- and pollutant-specific elementary flows to be resolved
• Flow property / unit: Mass or volume / kg or m3
• Amount rule: calculated load from measured flow and concentration, or direct measured mass
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg conforming reference product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater
• Sources: eu-fdm-bref-2019

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_rule_1	Multi-output separation, extraction, and refining	First subdivide processes and meters so inputs and outputs directly attributable to starch, gluten, germ, fibre, protein, pulp, solubles, inulin, or other outputs remain with those operations.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279; eu-fdm-bref-2019
allocation_rule_2	Remaining multifunctionality	If subdivision is not possible, investigate system expansion and document the added functions and datasets before applying allocation.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_rule_3	Physical allocation	When subdivision and system expansion are not feasible, use a documented physical relationship that reflects the process causality, such as separately measured dry mass, solids, or another justified physical driver; do not select a driver only to favour the reference product.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_rule_4	Economic fallback	Use economic allocation only when no relevant physical relationship can be justified; use a representative price period, perform sensitivity analysis, and disclose the result and rationale.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
allocation_rule_5	Co-product and residual classification	Do not assign zero burden to a marketable co-product and do not classify a material as waste merely to avoid allocation; record destination, commercial status, dry matter, and allocation treatment.	eu-fdm-bref-2019; eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_product_identity_and_output	all production processes	Product identity, intermediates, and conforming output	Batch, laboratory, and production records	product name; product-flow UUID decision; feedstock; modification identity; physical state; lot; wet mass; solids or moisture; purity or grade; release status	Calibrated scales, laboratory methods, and batch reconciliation	kg; mass fraction	Each lot, aggregated monthly	Representative continuous 12-month period or complete campaign	All lines producing the declared product	Sum conforming output and calculate weighted composition; exclude rework until released	Calibration, test method, certificates of analysis, and release records
cp_materials_and_aids	raw_material_receiving; route processes	Raw materials, process aids, enzymes, and chemicals	Weighbridge, invoice, tank, silo, and issue records	material identity; supplier; origin; lot; quantity; unit; moisture or concentration; opening and closing stock; return; destination process	Reconcile purchases and inventory movements to process issues	kg; m3	Each delivery or issue, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	All relevant site stores and production lines	Opening stock + receipts - closing stock - documented return, allocated only with documented process driver	Supplier documents, meter or scale calibration, and stock reconciliation
cp_utilities_and_water	route processes; product_finishing	Electricity, fuels, steam, fresh water, recycle, and evaporation	Meter, utility invoice, fuel stock, and equipment records	carrier; meter; quantity; unit; operating time; process; fresh or recycled water status; conversion factor	Prefer sub-metering; otherwise documented equipment or operating-hour allocation	kWh; MJ; kg; m3	Continuous or shift, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	All production and relevant on-site utility systems	Sum measured use by carrier; subtract internal transfers; normalize after allocation	Meter calibration, invoice reconciliation, and documented conversion factors
cp_coproducts_and_wastes	all production processes	Co-products, rework, rejects, captured dust, sludge, and waste	Scale, dispatch, transfer, and waste-manifest records	stream identity; commercial or waste status; wet mass; solids; destination; treatment; price where economic fallback is used	Measure at transfer or dispatch and reconcile internal rework	kg; mass fraction	Each transfer, aggregated monthly	Same period as product output	All route and residual-management processes	Sum by stream and destination; count internal rework once when finally released or discarded	Scale calibration, dispatch evidence, contracts, and waste manifests
cp_direct_emissions_and_wastewater	route processes; onsite_residuals_management	Direct air emissions, wastewater, and treatment releases	Continuous or periodic monitoring, laboratory, permit, and flow records	source; pollutant; compartment; concentration; flow; sampling period; control status; wastewater destination; sludge; treatment input and output	Use applicable validated monitoring methods and calculate loads from matched flow and concentration periods	kg; m3; mg/L; mg/Nm3	As monitored, aggregated to production period	Same period as product output; disclose sampling gaps	All attributable stacks, vents, drains, and on-site treatment	Sum measured loads; do not substitute AP-42 factors for available site monitoring	Laboratory accreditation, calibration, sampling plan, permits, and monitoring reports
cp_packaging	product_finishing	Included packaging materials	Packaging issue and product dispatch records	material; packaging level; issued mass; returned mass; packed product mass; format	Reconcile packaging issues with packed output	kg	Each packaging run, aggregated monthly	Same period as packaged product output	All included packaging lines	Net packaging issued divided by packed conforming output	Supplier specification, stock reconciliation, and scale calibration
cp_allocation_basis	all multi-output processes	Allocation decision and driver	Meter, mass balance, price, and decision records	process; outputs; subdivision status; system-expansion option; selected driver; dry mass; physical property; price period; price; sensitivity case	Apply the hierarchy in Section 7 and retain rejected alternatives	kg dry matter; declared driver; currency	Each reporting period and when route changes	Same period as inventory	Every multifunctional process	Apply one consistent documented basis to all jointly attributable inputs and outputs	Process diagram, meter boundary, calculation workbook, and reviewer approval

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_rule_1	Inventory normalization	normalized amount = reporting-period amount / reporting-period conforming as-sold output	Collected flow amount; conforming product output	Amount per 1 kg reference product	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
calc_rule_2	Dry-matter conversion	dry mass = wet mass × measured solids mass fraction; retain both wet and dry results	Wet mass; solids or moisture result	kg dry matter and kg wet stream	eu-fdm-bref-2019
calc_rule_3	Wastewater and stack loads	pollutant mass = matched concentration × measured volumetric flow, with explicit unit and standard-condition conversion	Concentration; flow; duration; temperature and pressure where required	Pollutant-specific mass	eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7
calc_rule_4	Energy conversion	Convert only with a documented physical conversion factor; keep original meter reading and carrier identity	Meter reading; unit; conversion factor	Energy in reporting unit and original unit	eu-fdm-bref-2019
calc_rule_5	Mass reconciliation	Reconcile feed dry matter to product, co-product, waste, measured emissions, and documented inventory change; investigate rather than erase an unexplained residual	Dry-mass inputs and outputs; stock changes	Reconciliation statement and unresolved residual	eu-fdm-bref-2019
calc_rule_6	Allocation	Apply Section 7 hierarchy at each multifunctional process and normalize only after jointly attributable burdens are partitioned	Sub-metered burdens; output quantities; selected driver; sensitivity data	Allocated inventory by output	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Retain the concrete product name, product-flow UUID decision, feedstock, route, modification identity, physical state, moisture or dry matter, grade, and packaging state; the representative Starch UUID cannot substitute for a different form.	Product specification, release record, flow lookup decision, and batch metadata
dq_temporal	Foreground inventory	Use a representative continuous 12-month period or the complete production campaign; disclose shutdowns, abnormal events, and any mismatch between numerator and output periods.	Dated meters, batch records, operating calendar, and reconciliation
dq_completeness	Materials and releases	Cover all mapped processes, utilities, water, aids, products, co-products, wastes, wastewater, and direct emissions; document not-applicable conditional processes and unresolved mass residuals.	Process map, completeness checklist, dry-mass reconciliation, and monitoring inventory
dq_measurement	Quantitative records	Use calibrated meters and scales where available; document estimation methods, conversion factors, sampling, detection limits, and data gaps.	Calibration certificates, laboratory reports, calculation files, and gap register
dq_allocation	Multi-output processes	Retain the allocation hierarchy decision, process subdivisions, driver data, price period if used, and sensitivity result.	Allocation workbook, meter map, price evidence, and reviewer approval
dq_upstream	Purchased inputs	Identify supplier, geography, technology, reference period, and representativeness of upstream datasets, especially for botanical feedstocks and purchased CPC 23220 intermediates.	Supplier records, dataset metadata, and data-quality assessment
dq_source_provenance	All calculated values	Link every calculated result to raw records, formula version, author, and calculation date; do not treat external process descriptions as site measurements.	Traceable calculation package and source references

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_rule_1	Product identity	Fail if the concrete product form and required qualifiers are missing, or if the representative Starch UUID is used for inulin, wheat gluten, dextrin, modified starch, or a product with a more specific real flow.	un-cpc-3-0-23220
validation_rule_2	Reference amount	Fail if the reference output is not 1 kg as-sold product on the declared moisture or dry-matter basis, or if dry and as-sold masses are mixed without conversion.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
validation_rule_3	Process coverage	Fail if a required process lacks inventory, or if a conditional route process is neither included nor explicitly marked not applicable with justification.	eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7
validation_rule_4	Co-products and allocation	Fail if a marketable co-product is hidden as waste, given zero burden without justification, or handled without the allocation hierarchy and supporting data.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279; eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013
validation_rule_5	Water, waste, and direct emissions	Fail if fresh and recycled water are conflated, wastewater destination is missing, captured dust is reported as an elementary emission, or relevant measured direct emissions are omitted.	eu-fdm-bref-2019; us-epa-ap42-9-9-7
validation_rule_6	Data provenance	Fail if a collected or calculated amount cannot be traced to its collection protocol and reporting period, or if an external process description is presented as a site-specific amount.	ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279
validation_rule_7	Mass reconciliation	Require a documented dry-matter reconciliation across product, co-products, waste, emissions, and inventory change; unresolved residuals must be disclosed and reviewed.	eu-fdm-bref-2019

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground manufacturing dataset for one declared CPC 23220 product form and route
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review of representativeness and uncertainty
allowed_use	Product-specific process, lifecycle model, hotspot, supplier, and scenario studies consistent with declared product, route, geography, period, allocation, and plant-gate boundary
excluded_use	Automatic use of the representative Starch UUID for another form; undisclosed substitution across feedstocks, modification chemistries, technologies, geographies, periods, or as-sold states; comparative assertions without a compatible reviewed rule set
required_metadata	Concrete product-flow UUID decision; CPC reference; product form; feedstock; route; modification method and agents; physical state; moisture or dry matter; grade; geography; period; technology; packaging; system boundary; allocation; data sources
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data share; meter and sampling coverage; unresolved UUIDs; estimated values; mass-balance residual; allocation sensitivity; upstream dataset representativeness; exclusions and data gaps
update_trigger	Product-flow identity change; new specific Tiangong flow; feedstock or route change; modification chemistry change; material process or control change; allocation change; packaging change; material data-quality improvement; reporting period renewal

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-23220	dataset	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 3.0, subclass 23220, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Structure/Detail/EN/2100/23220 (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Official category scope and representative-flow limitation
eu-fdm-bref-2019	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries, JRC118627, 2019, Chapter 14, https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC118627_FDM_Bref_2019_published.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Starch and wheat-gluten route decomposition, modification, water and energy accounting, co-products, wastewater, drying, and direct-emission monitoring
us-epa-ap42-9-9-7	official_guidance	United States Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42 Section 9.9.7 Corn Wet Milling, January 1995, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c9s09-7.pdf (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Wet-milling process decomposition, grain handling, separation, drying, and candidate air-emission sources; route-specific, not a site value source
ec-pef-recommendation-2021-2279	standard	Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of the Environmental Footprint methods, corrected 23 May 2022, http://data.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Functional unit, reference-flow normalization, inventory completeness, multifunctionality hierarchy, data collection, and quality disclosure
eu-feed-materials-catalogue-68-2013	standard	Commission Regulation (EU) No 68/2013 on the Catalogue of feed materials, consolidated text, http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/68/oj (retrieved 2026-08-10)	Inulin production co-product identities including pressed or dried chicory pulp, chicory molasses, and chicory vinasses