Malt, whether or not roasted

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to factory-gate production of malt made by controlled germination of food- or brewing-grade cereal grain and subsequent drying, with optional roasting, caramelisation, smoking, blending, and packing. It covers ordinary kilned malt and roasted malt, including pale, coloured, crystal/caramel, smoked, and light- or dark-roasted malt made from barley, wheat, rye, oats, sorghum, or another explicitly declared cereal species.

The foreground boundary starts with cereal grain received at the maltings and ends with net saleable malt released in bulk or declared packaging. It includes receiving, cleaning and grading, steeping, germination, kilning or a declared direct-roasting route, conditional roasting, cooling, deculming, blending, storage, packing, sanitation, utilities, wastewater, residues, wastes, and direct emissions. Cereal cultivation and inbound transport are upstream. Brewing, distilling, manufacture of malt extract or malt flour, food manufacture using malt, distribution, use, and end of life are excluded.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.beverages.malt-whether-or-not-roasted
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 24320 Malt, whether or not roasted (exact)
covered_products	Dried cereal malt and roasted cereal malt; pale, coloured, crystal/caramel, smoked, and specialty malt when made by controlled cereal germination and declared thermal treatment
excluded_products	Unmalted roasted grain; malt extract, malt syrup, maltose syrup, malt flour, beer, spirits, prepared foods, cereal cultivation, and generic malting services
representative_product	Cereal malt, dried or roasted, at the maltings dispatch gate
production_route	Declared cereal receipt and cleaning; steeping; germination; kilning or declared direct-roasting route; conditional roasting/smoking; cooling, deculming, blending, storage, and dispatch
market_state	Dry, food- or brewing-grade whole-kernel malt, bulk or packaged, with cereal species, malt style, colour, moisture, treatment route, and dispatch form declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of dry cereal malt, whether ordinarily kilned or roasted, at the maltings dispatch gate
How much	1,000 kg net saleable malt, excluding packaging
How well	Meets the declared cereal identity, malt style, moisture, colour, extract or intended-use specification, food-safety release criteria, and packaging integrity
How long or cycle	One completed production lot through release; storage duration and shelf life are declared qualifiers
reference_flow_link	cereal_malt_dried_or_roasted_at_maltings_gate

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg net product
Reference product flow	Cereal malt, dried or roasted
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	cereal species and variety; grain origin and crop year; ordinary-kilned, crystal/caramel, roasted, or smoked route; steeping and germination conditions; kilning and roasting time-temperature-moisture profile; finished moisture and colour; extract or intended-use specification where applicable; rootlet and screening destination; bulk or packaging configuration; geography; technology; data period

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference malt and mass-normalised exchanges	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Normalise to 1,000 kg net released malt; exclude packaging and keep input grain, intermediate green malt, rootlets, screenings, dust, and losses on separately measured as-received and dry-matter bases.
malt_moisture_basis	Grain and malt mass balance	Mass and moisture fraction	kg and %	Retain as-received mass and measured moisture for incoming grain, green malt, kilned/roasted malt, and saleable output; use the malt-specific moisture method declared by the producer.
water_separation	Steeping, germination spray, cleaning, and utility water	Mass or volume	kg or m3	Meter each use separately; preserve raw volume and density assumptions when converted to mass.
energy_separation	Electricity, steam, purchased heat, and fuels	Energy	kWh or MJ	Keep electricity, steam, purchased heat, natural gas, gas oil, and fuel oil as separate exchanges; retain lower- or higher-heating-value basis and conversion factors.
refrigerant_mass	Each refrigerant charge and loss	Mass	kg	Record each refrigerant separately by chemical identity; calculate atmospheric loss from stock reconciliation and service records.
packaging_mass	Each packaging component	Mass	kg	Record paper, polyethylene, polypropylene, corrugated board, stretch film, and wood pallets as separate placed-on-market masses.
wastewater_load	Each direct water emission	Mass	kg	Calculate COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids separately from matched discharge volume and concentration records.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Food- or brewing-grade cereal grain received at the maltings gate, with species, variety, crop year, origin, moisture, and upstream coverage declared
starting_condition_role	Foreground entry point for grain cleaning, steeping, germination, thermal treatment, finishing, and dispatch
product_classification_scope	Dry cereal malt whether ordinarily kilned or roasted; excludes unmalted roasted grain and further-processed malt extracts, syrups, flours, beverages, and foods
recursive_input_rule	Purchased green, kilned, or roasted malt used for further treatment is recorded once as an upstream product input and is not recursively reconstructed inside the receiving process.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link each cereal species, electricity supply, steam, purchased heat, fuel, refrigerant, chemical, packaging material, inbound transport, and off-site treatment service to a representative upstream dataset.
disclosure	Declare cereal and malt style, starting grain state, route, thermal profiles, site and period, utilities, cleaning chemicals, refrigerants, co-products, wastes, wastewater destination, direct emissions, packaging, allocation, and outsourced steps.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_complete_malting	maltings_foreground	Include cleaning and grading, steeping, germination, kilning or declared alternative thermal route, conditional roasting, cooling, deculming, storage/blending, dispatch preparation, sanitation, utilities, residues, wastewater, and direct emissions.	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024
boundary_roasted_route	roasted_and_crystal_malt	Declare whether the roaster receives green malt or previously kilned malt and include the actual saccharification, roasting, cooling, aspiration, and emission-control operations.	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021
boundary_food_hygiene	food_contact_operations	Apply documented good hygiene practices and hazard-based controls to grain receipt, process water, sanitation, pest control, storage, and product release.	fao-who-cxc-1-1969
boundary_upstream_downstream	lifecycle_model	Keep cultivation and incoming transport upstream and brewing, distilling, further food processing, distribution, use, and end of life downstream; connect them only when the study expands beyond the maltings gate.	unsd-cpc-v3-2025; eu-pef-method-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
base_malt_production	Grain receiving, cleaning, steeping, germination, and drying	required	All products; direct-roasted crystal malt declares that roasting replaces final kilning	Converts declared cereal grain into stable base or green malt	1,000 kg net saleable malt
roasting	Roasting, caramelisation, or smoking	conditional	Included for roasted, crystal/caramel, coloured, or smoked malt	Produces declared specialty colour and flavour	1,000 kg net saleable malt
finishing_dispatch	Cooling, deculming, blending, storage, packing, and dispatch	required	All products; packaging cards apply only to actual dispatch configuration	Produces released bulk or packaged malt	1,000 kg net saleable malt
sanitation_wastewater	Cleaning, disinfection, and wastewater handling	required	Include attributable operations and allocate shared systems transparently	Records sanitation resources and treatment outputs	1,000 kg net saleable malt

Process: Grain receiving, cleaning, steeping, germination, and drying (base_malt_production)

Inputs

Product flows

Barley grain (barley_grain_input)

Barley grain is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Barley grain
• Applicability: Record only for a barley-malt lot.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net accepted barley mass from calibrated receiving scales
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Wheat grain (wheat_grain_input)

Wheat grain is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Wheat grain
• Applicability: Record only for a wheat-malt lot.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net accepted wheat mass from calibrated receiving scales
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; bauer-malting-parameters-2022

Rye grain (rye_grain_input)

Rye grain is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Rye grain
• Applicability: Record only for a rye-malt lot.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net accepted rye mass from calibrated receiving scales
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Oat grain (oat_grain_input)

Oat grain is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Oat grain
• Applicability: Record only for an oat-malt lot.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net accepted oat mass from calibrated receiving scales
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Sorghum grain (sorghum_grain_input)

Sorghum grain is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Sorghum grain
• Applicability: Record only for a sorghum-malt lot.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net accepted sorghum mass from calibrated receiving scales
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Steeping water (steeping_water)

Steeping water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Potable process water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered water charged to wet steeps and germination sprays
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Electricity for the malting line (base_malt_electricity)

Electricity for the malting line is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or sub-metered electricity for handling, aeration, turning, pumps, fans, controls, and refrigeration
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Purchased steam for kilning (kilning_steam)

Purchased steam for kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Steam
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered purchased steam delivered to kiln heat exchangers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Purchased heat for kilning (kilning_purchased_heat)

Purchased heat for kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Purchased heat
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered non-steam heat delivered to the kiln
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Natural gas combusted for kilning (kilning_natural_gas)

Natural gas combusted for kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Natural gas
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered natural gas on the declared heating-value basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Gas oil combusted for kilning (kilning_gas_oil)

Gas oil combusted for kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Gas oil
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered gas-oil use on the declared heating-value basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Fuel oil combusted for kilning (kilning_fuel_oil)

Fuel oil combusted for kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Fuel oil
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered fuel-oil use on the declared heating-value basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Ammonia refrigerant makeup (ammonia_makeup)

Ammonia refrigerant makeup is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Ammonia
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Makeup mass assigned from refrigeration service and stock records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources:

Refrigerant R134a makeup (r134a_makeup)

Refrigerant R134a makeup is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R134a
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Makeup mass assigned from refrigeration service and stock records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources:

Refrigerant R404A makeup (r404a_makeup)

Refrigerant R404A makeup is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R404A
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Makeup mass assigned from refrigeration service and stock records
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources:

Outputs

Product flows

Kilned or green malt transferred (base_malt_output)

Kilned or green malt transferred is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Cereal malt, declared intermediate state
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured transfer mass with moisture and route state recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material_mass_balance
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Waste flows

Cereal screenings (cereal_screenings)

Cereal screenings is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Cereal screenings
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured screenings mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Collected cereal dust (collected_cereal_dust)

Collected cereal dust is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Cereal dust waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured dust removed from aspiration and filtration equipment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Spent steep water (spent_steep_water)

Spent steep water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Malting steep wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered discharge to the declared treatment destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from kiln combustion (kiln_fossil_co2)

Fossil carbon dioxide from kiln combustion is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate separately for each fuel from measured use and an approved factor
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Biogenic carbon dioxide from germination (germination_biogenic_co2)

Biogenic carbon dioxide from germination is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, biogenic, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured or carbon-mass-balance estimate of grain respiration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Nitrogen oxides from kiln combustion (kiln_nox)

Nitrogen oxides from kiln combustion is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen oxides to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Stack measurement or fuel-specific calculation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Sulfur dioxide from kiln combustion (kiln_so2)

Sulfur dioxide from kiln combustion is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Stack measurement or sulfur-content calculation for the actual fuel
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Particulate matter from handling and kilning (base_malt_pm)

Particulate matter from handling and kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured channelled and estimated fugitive particulate mass after controls
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Non-methane volatile organic compounds from germination and kilning (base_malt_nmvoc)

Non-methane volatile organic compounds from germination and kilning is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Non-methane volatile organic compounds to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured channelled mass or documented estimate for included vents
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Ammonia refrigerant released to air (ammonia_to_air)

Ammonia refrigerant released to air is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Ammonia to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Refrigerant loss from stock reconciliation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources:

Refrigerant R134a released to air (r134a_to_air)

Refrigerant R134a released to air is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R134a to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Refrigerant loss from stock reconciliation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources:

Refrigerant R404A released to air (r404a_to_air)

Refrigerant R404A released to air is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Refrigerant R404A to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Refrigerant loss from stock reconciliation
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_refrigerant_records
• Sources:

Process: Roasting, caramelisation, or smoking (roasting)

Inputs

Product flows

Green malt for crystal-malt roasting (green_malt_to_roaster)

Green malt for crystal-malt roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Green cereal malt
• Applicability: Crystal/caramel route only.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured green-malt charge with moisture recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_roasting_batch_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021

Kilned malt for dry roasting (kilned_malt_to_roaster)

Kilned malt for dry roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Kilned cereal malt
• Applicability: Dry roasted-malt route only.
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured kilned-malt charge with moisture recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Route-specific (route_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_roasting_batch_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021

Electricity for roasting (roasting_electricity)

Electricity for roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered electricity for roaster drives, fans, aspiration, and cooling
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Natural gas combusted for roasting (roasting_natural_gas)

Natural gas combusted for roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Natural gas
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered natural gas on the declared heating-value basis
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_fuel_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021

Outputs

Product flows

Roasted malt (roasted_malt_output)

Roasted malt is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Roasted cereal malt
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured cooled output with moisture, colour, and roast profile recorded
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_roasting_batch_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021

Elementary flows

Fossil carbon dioxide from roasting (roasting_fossil_co2)

Fossil carbon dioxide from roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Carbon dioxide, fossil, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Calculate from measured roasting fuel by fuel type
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Particulate matter from roasting (roasting_pm)

Particulate matter from roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured or calculated discharge after aspiration controls
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Non-methane volatile organic compounds from roasting (roasting_nmvoc)

Non-methane volatile organic compounds from roasting is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Non-methane volatile organic compounds to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured channelled discharge or documented estimate
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021

Process: Cooling, deculming, blending, storage, packing, and dispatch (finishing_dispatch)

Inputs

Product flows

Electricity for finishing and dispatch (finishing_electricity)

Electricity for finishing and dispatch is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered electricity for cooling, deculming, conveying, blending, storage ventilation, and packing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Paper sack (paper_sack)

Paper sack is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Paper sack
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Placed-on-market paper-sack mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Polyethylene liner (polyethylene_liner)

Polyethylene liner is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Polyethylene liner
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Placed-on-market liner mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Polypropylene flexible intermediate bulk container (polypropylene_fibc)

Polypropylene flexible intermediate bulk container is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Polypropylene flexible intermediate bulk container
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Placed-on-market FIBC mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Corrugated cardboard (corrugated_cardboard)

Corrugated cardboard is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Corrugated cardboard
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Placed-on-market corrugated-board mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Polyethylene stretch film (polyethylene_stretch_film)

Polyethylene stretch film is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Polyethylene stretch film
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Placed-on-market stretch-film mass
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Wood pallet (wood_pallet)

Wood pallet is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Wood pallet
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net new or loss-replacement pallet mass assigned to dispatched malt
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging_records
• Sources:

Outputs

Product flows

Saleable cereal malt (saleable_malt)

Saleable cereal malt is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Cereal malt, dried or roasted
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: 1,000 kg released net malt after rootlet removal, dust and reject losses
• Value mode: Fixed value (fixed_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
• Sources: mass-balance-identity

Malt rootlets sold as feed material (malt_rootlets)

Malt rootlets sold as feed material is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Malt rootlets
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured rootlet mass by destination; classify as co-product only when transferred for beneficial use
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; habschied-malting-byproducts-2020

Waste flows

Off-specification malt (off_spec_malt)

Off-specification malt is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Off-specification cereal malt waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured rejected malt mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources:

Collected malt dust (collected_malt_dust)

Collected malt dust is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Malt dust waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured dust removed during deculming, conveying, blending, and packing
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024

Elementary flows

Particulate matter from finishing (finishing_pm)

Particulate matter from finishing is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured channelled and estimated fugitive mass after dust controls
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Process: Cleaning, disinfection, and wastewater handling (sanitation_wastewater)

Inputs

Product flows

Sanitation water (sanitation_water)

Sanitation water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Potable process water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered water used for cleaning and disinfection
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_water_records
• Sources: fao-who-cxc-1-1969

Sodium hydroxide cleaner (sodium_hydroxide_cleaner)

Sodium hydroxide cleaner is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active sodium-hydroxide mass from issued formulation and concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_records
• Sources: fao-who-cxc-1-1969

Nitric acid cleaner (nitric_acid_cleaner)

Nitric acid cleaner is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Nitric acid
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active nitric-acid mass from issued formulation and concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_records
• Sources: fao-who-cxc-1-1969

Peracetic acid disinfectant (peracetic_acid_disinfectant)

Peracetic acid disinfectant is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Peracetic acid
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active peracetic-acid mass from issued formulation and concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_records
• Sources: fao-who-cxc-1-1969

Sodium hypochlorite disinfectant (sodium_hypochlorite_disinfectant)

Sodium hypochlorite disinfectant is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Sodium hypochlorite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active sodium-hypochlorite mass from issued formulation and concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_chemical_records
• Sources: fao-who-cxc-1-1969

Electricity for wastewater treatment (wastewater_electricity)

Electricity for wastewater treatment is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Electricity, medium voltage
• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
• Amount rule: Metered or allocated electricity for attributable treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Outputs

Waste flows

Maltings wastewater (maltings_wastewater)

Maltings wastewater is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Maltings wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered wastewater sent to the declared treatment destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Wastewater treatment sludge (wastewater_sludge)

Wastewater treatment sludge is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Wastewater treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet and dry sludge mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Empty chemical container waste (chemical_container_waste)

Empty chemical container waste is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Empty chemical container waste
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured discarded container mass by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_residue_records
• Sources: fao-who-cxc-1-1969

Elementary flows

Chemical oxygen demand to water (cod_to_water)

Chemical oxygen demand to water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Chemical oxygen demand to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by COD concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Total nitrogen to water (total_nitrogen_to_water)

Total nitrogen to water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Total nitrogen to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by total-nitrogen concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Total phosphorus to water (total_phosphorus_to_water)

Total phosphorus to water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Total phosphorus to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by total-phosphorus concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Total suspended solids to water (tss_to_water)

Total suspended solids to water is recorded as a separate atomic exchange at this process boundary; determine its quantity with the rule below.

• Selected flow: Total suspended solids to water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Matched discharge volume multiplied by total-suspended-solids concentration
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg net saleable malt
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_records
• Sources: eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid	process_subdivision	Avoid allocation by sub-metering route-specific batches, utilities, roasting, packaging, wastewater, and emissions.	eu-pef-method-2021
allocation_rootlets	rootlets_and_screenings	Treat rootlets or screenings as co-products only when they leave for a documented beneficial use; first apply system expansion or a justified subdivision. If allocation remains, use a disclosed physical dry-mass relationship when it reflects causality; otherwise use economic allocation with period-matched prices and sensitivity analysis.	eu-pef-method-2021; habschied-malting-byproducts-2020
allocation_waste	wastes_and_treatment	Do not allocate burdens to discarded dust, sludge, off-spec malt, or wastewater; assign collection and treatment burdens to malt production until the waste or recovery system boundary is reached.	eu-pef-method-2021

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material_mass_balance	base_malt_production; finishing_dispatch	cereal inputs, intermediate malt, saleable malt	weighbridge, batch and laboratory records	species; variety; lot; wet mass; moisture; transfer/output mass; rejects	calibrated scales and malt-specific moisture test	kg; %	each lot/batch	representative 12 months or full campaign	all included lines	moisture-correct only when dry-matter comparison is required; normalise to released malt	calibration, laboratory method, reconciliation
cp_route_conditions	base_malt_production; roasting	steeping, germination, kilning, roasting	control-system historian and batch sheet	wet/dry periods; temperature; grain moisture; airflow; duration; kiln/roast profile; colour	direct sensors and batch records	h; °C; %; airflow unit	continuous plus batch release	every represented batch	each vessel/kiln/roaster	retain profiles and mass-weight batches	sensor calibration, release record
cp_water_records	all	steeping and sanitation water	meter and batch ticket	meter start/end; purpose; batch; reuse; discharge	calibrated sub-meter or batch measurement	kg or m3	each batch/daily	representative period	each use area	sum by purpose; do not net reused water without both transfers	meter calibration and water-quality record
cp_energy_records	all	electricity, steam, purchased heat	utility meters and invoices	carrier; meter; quantity; unit; pressure/temperature for steam/heat	calibrated meter and invoice reconciliation	kWh or MJ	continuous/monthly	representative period	all included equipment	allocate shared use by defensible operating driver	meter checks and invoice reconciliation
cp_fuel_records	base_malt_production; roasting	each fuel	meter, tank and invoice	fuel identity; quantity; density; heating-value basis; batch/period	calibrated meter or stock balance	kg, m3, MJ	daily/monthly	representative period	each combustion unit	convert each fuel separately to MJ	invoice, stock and heating-value evidence
cp_refrigerant_records	base_malt_production	each refrigerant	equipment and service log	chemical; charge; additions; recovery; disposal; leak event	annual stock reconciliation	kg	each service event/annual	representative period	each circuit	loss = additions + opening stock - recovered - closing stock	signed service logs
cp_roasting_batch_records	roasting	roasted-route materials and output	batch and laboratory record	input state/mass/moisture; time-temperature profile; output mass/moisture/colour	scales, historian and EBC/declared tests	kg; %; °C; h; colour unit	each batch	all represented roast batches	each roaster and specialty-malt line	mass-weight by saleable output	test method and batch release
cp_packaging_records	finishing_dispatch	each packaging component	bill of materials and issue record	component; material; unit mass; count; reuse/loss	supplier mass plus line count	kg	each SKU/batch	representative period	all dispatch forms	component mass × net count, with reuse separately modelled	supplier specification and count reconciliation
cp_chemical_records	sanitation_wastewater	each cleaner/disinfectant	issue, concentration and sanitation log	product; active ingredient; concentration; issued mass; returned mass; use	inventory reconciliation	kg active substance	each sanitation event	representative period	all included systems	active mass = net formulation mass × active fraction	SDS/specification and issue log
cp_residue_records	all	each co-product and waste	scales and transfer notes	residue identity; wet/dry mass; moisture; destination; revenue/status	calibrated scale and destination record	kg	each transfer	representative period	all included lines	aggregate separately by identity and destination	weigh ticket and receiver evidence
cp_wastewater_records	base_malt_production; sanitation_wastewater	wastewater and each pollutant	flow meter and matched sample	volume; COD; TN; TP; TSS; sampling time; destination	continuous flow plus representative composite sample	m3; mg/L; kg	continuous and permit/sample frequency	representative period	each outfall	load = matched volume × concentration	laboratory accreditation and flow calibration
cp_air_emissions	base_malt_production; roasting; finishing_dispatch	each direct air emission	stack test, CEMS, dust capture and fuel record	source; operating time; flow; concentration; fuel; control efficiency	direct measurement preferred; approved factor otherwise	kg	permit frequency and each represented fuel/route	representative period	each source	calculate each pollutant separately	test report, factor reference and operating log

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalise	all exchanges	exchange per reference flow = period exchange × 1,000 / released net malt mass	period exchange; released malt mass	exchange per 1,000 kg malt	mass-balance-identity
calc_dry_matter	grain and malt	dry matter = as-received mass × (1 - moisture fraction)	mass; moisture	kg dry matter	mass-balance-identity; ebc-analytica-malt
calc_refrigerant_loss	each refrigerant	loss = opening stock + additions - recovered - closing stock	stock and service records	kg chemical released	mass-balance-identity
calc_water_pollutant	each water pollutant	load = matched discharge volume × concentration with unit conversion	m3; mg/L	kg pollutant	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019
calc_combustion	each fuel and pollutant	emission = measured fuel activity × pollutant-specific approved factor when direct measurement is unavailable	fuel activity; factor	kg pollutant	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_identity	reference product	Preserve cereal species/variety, crop year, malt style, thermal route, moisture, colour, and dispatch form; do not average ordinary and roasted routes without disclosed production weighting.	batch release and product specification
dq_completeness	foreground inventory	Reconcile grain, water, dry matter, saleable malt, rootlets, screenings, dust, wastewater, sludge, and other losses; keep every utility, fuel, refrigerant, chemical, packaging material, waste, and emission atomic.	signed balances and exception log
dq_temporal	all data	Use a representative 12-month period or complete campaign and explain shutdowns, abnormal batches, and product-mix changes.	dated meters, invoices and batch records
dq_hygiene	product-contact operations	Retain water suitability, sanitation verification, pest control, hazard analysis, corrective action, and release evidence.	GHP/HACCP records
dq_method	malt quality	Declare the method used for moisture, colour, extract, modification/friability, and other claimed attributes.	EBC, MEBAK, or equivalent validated method record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_identity	dataset_metadata	Reject a package that does not identify cereal species, malt style, ordinary-kilned versus roasted/crystal/smoked route, finished moisture, and bulk or packaging form.	unsd-cpc-v3-2025; ebc-analytica-malt
validate_steeping_context	steeping_and_germination	Require actual wet/dry periods, temperatures, moisture and duration. Use 12-16 °C, one to two days, and 42-45 % grain moisture only as jointly supported review context, not as a replacement for site records or a universal conformance limit.	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024
validate_kilning_context	ordinary_kilned_malt	Require the actual staged drying profile. Use 50-85 °C as jointly supported context for pale ordinary malt; higher-temperature styles require their declared product-specific profile.	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; evans-malting-efficiency-2024
validate_roasting_context	roasted_or_crystal_malt	Require input state, saccharification stand when applicable, and complete time-temperature-moisture profile. Use 130-230 °C only as jointly supported context for roasted-malt production; product release follows the declared specification.	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019; prado-specialty-malts-2021
validate_atomic_inventory	process_inventory	Fail any combined energy-carrier, multi-fuel, multi-refrigerant, multi-chemical, packaging-collection, waste-collection, or emission-collection row.	eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019
validate_mass_balance	foreground_inventory	Require an explained wet- and dry-matter balance linking cereal inputs to saleable malt, rootlets, screenings, dust, wastewater, and other losses.	mass-balance-identity; evans-malting-efficiency-2024
validate_range_evidence	quantitative_ranges	Reject an empirical inventory range supported by only one paper, plant, batch, or point; require at least two independent boundary-compatible full-text sources or an explicit authoritative conformance interval.	eu-pef-method-2021

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Factory-gate foreground dataset for 1,000 kg net dry cereal malt, ordinary or roasted as declared
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset; input to brewing, distilling, malt-food, and other life-cycle models matching the declared malt identity
allowed_use	Product- and route-matched studies with compatible cereal species, malt style, geography, technology, period, moisture, colour, and packaging form
excluded_use	Substitution for unmalted roasted grain, malt extract/syrup/flour, beer, spirits, generic food, or an undisclosed average of materially different ordinary and roasted routes
required_metadata	PCR id; cereal and crop identity; malt style; process route and condition profiles; reference moisture/colour/specification; geography; technology; period; bulk/packaging form; allocation; upstream links; co-product/waste destinations
required_quality_disclosure	Data coverage and representativeness; metering; laboratory methods; mass-balance closure; route weighting; unresolved UUIDs and ranges; allocation sensitivity; wastewater and air-emission methods
update_trigger	Change in cereal mix, malt style, kiln/roaster, fuel or refrigeration system, energy source, water reuse, sanitation chemistry, packaging, allocation, emission control, product specification, geography, or representative period

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
unsd-cpc-v3-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division. Central Product Classification Version 3.0, structure and explanatory notes. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/econ	Product-category scope and exclusions
eu-jrc-fdm-bref-2019	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre. Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries, Chapter 16.9 Malting, 2019. https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC118627_FDM_Bref_2019_published.pdf	Full process decomposition, ordinary and roasted routes, energy, water, residues, wastewater, and separate air emissions
ebc-analytica-malt	standard	European Brewery Convention. Analytica EBC methods for malt, including 4.2 moisture, 4.5.1 extract, 4.7.1 colour, 4.12 diastatic power, 4.14 modification and 4.15 friability. https://dev.brewup.brewersofeurope.eu/ebc-analytica/category/chemical-physical/malt	Malt quality measurement and release-method disclosure
fao-who-cxc-1-1969	standard	FAO/WHO. General Principles of Food Hygiene, CXC 1-1969, 2022 revision/2023 edition. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/publications/en/	GHP, HACCP, water, cleaning, disinfection, storage and verification rules
evans-malting-efficiency-2024	literature	Evans, D.E., Shen, W. and Brookes, P.A. Malting - 'the middle parts of fortune' - a history of innovation and the enduring quest for efficiency. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 130 (2024) 126-181. https://doi.org/10.58430/jib.v130i3.58	Full malting route, independently compatible steeping/kilning context, energy, water, losses, rootlets and storage
prado-specialty-malts-2021	literature	Prado, R. et al. Aroma and color development during the production of specialty malts: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12806	Roasted and crystal-malt route, independently compatible roasting context and product-defining conditions
bauer-malting-parameters-2022	literature	Bauer, A. et al. The malting parameters: steeping, germination, withering, and kilning temperature and aeration rate as possibilities for styrene mitigation in wheat beer. European Food Research and Technology 248 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03852-5	Barley and wheat malting identity, route-condition recording and deculming
habschied-malting-byproducts-2020	literature	Habschied, K. et al. By-Products in the Malting and Brewing Industries-Re-Usage Possibilities. Fermentation 6 (2020) 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6030082	Rootlet identity, removal and beneficial-use decision
eu-pef-method-2021	official_guidance	European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 on the use of Environmental Footprint methods, Annex I. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2021/2279/oj	Boundary disclosure, allocation hierarchy, data quality and range-evidence discipline
mass-balance-identity	method_factor	Conservation-of-mass identity applied to measured foreground records.	Normalisation, dry matter, stock reconciliation and balance validation