Fonio grain

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers cultivated white fonio (Digitaria exilis) and black fonio (Digitaria iburua) delivered as dry, threshed, unhulled grain at the farm gate. It includes the crop cycle, harvest, field drying, threshing, winnowing, and optional dry cleaning or drying performed before hand-off. The dataset must identify the species, local cultivar or landrace, production geography, crop year, grain moisture, and whether primary post-harvest operations are included.

It excludes certified seed production, wild collection, forage or hay, grazing, cover-crop services, dehulling or husk removal, washing or de-sanding after dehulling, milling, flour, precooked or parboiled fonio, brewing, packaging, storage beyond the declared hand-off, and transport after the farm gate. Wet washing and de-sanding are downstream processing operations because they are used to prepare hulled fonio for consumption; they must not be added to this agricultural grain PCR.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.products-of-agriculture-horticulture-and-market-gardening.fonio
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 01193 Fonio; mapping relation: narrower
covered_products	cultivated white or black fonio grain, harvested and threshed, with the hull retained, at the farm gate
excluded_products	fonio seed for planting; wild-collected grain; forage, hay, silage, grazing or cover-crop service; dehulled, washed, de-sanded, milled, precooked, parboiled or brewed fonio
representative_product	dry threshed fonio grain with hull retained
production_route	rainfed or irrigated smallholder or commercial cultivation, harvest, and conditional farm-gate primary post-harvest preparation
market_state	dry threshed unhulled grain at farm gate, with moisture, foreign matter, and intended use declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	dry threshed fonio grain with hull retained at the farm gate
How much	1,000 kg as-received grain
How well	marketable harvested grain with species, moisture, foreign-matter basis, and intended use declared; dehulling is not included
How long or cycle	one declared annual crop cycle from sowing through the farm-gate hand-off
reference_flow_link	reference_product_at_declared_handoff

Field	Value
Reference amount	1000
Reference product flow	Fonio, production mix, at farm gate, harvested grain, unprocessed
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	white or black fonio species; cultivar or landrace; production geography; crop year; harvest and drying dates; moisture at hand-off; foreign-matter basis; intended use; primary post-harvest preparation included or excluded

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

Each foreground dataset must explicitly select one actual route, declared gate, product state and output row. Reconcile the selected terminal route with reference_product_at_declared_handoff; normalize that handoff output to the reference quantity and retain preceding-stage outputs as measured transfers. Raw weighing, mass reconciliation and lot traceability requirements continue to apply.

The sole reference output is reference_product_at_declared_handoff, receiving the selected actual route product at the declared gate. Existing route-output ids identify the source and physical state; they are no longer individually fixed to the reference quantity.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass_as_received	reference fonio grain	Mass	kg	Report the as-received grain mass together with measured moisture and the basis used for any dry-matter conversion.
species_and_state_identity	reference product	product identity	categorical	Identify white or black fonio and retain whether the hull is present; do not use a generic millet or dehulled-fonio flow as a substitute.
area_to_reference_conversion	area-based field flows	activity-specific property	activity-specific unit	Divide crop-cycle totals per hectare by marketable grain yield from the same fields and crop year before scaling to 1,000 kg grain.
nutrient_basis	nutrient applications	nutrient mass	kg N, kg P2O5, or kg K2O	Preserve formulated product mass, nutrient content, and reporting basis as separate fields.
moisture_basis_consistency	grain and residue masses	Mass	kg	Use one declared wet or dry basis within each balance; convert only with measured moisture and retain the original wet mass.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	prepared field at the beginning of the fonio crop cycle, with seed and purchased or retained management inputs crossing the foreground boundary
starting_condition_role	start of managed fonio grain production
product_classification_scope	cultivated white or black fonio grain corresponding to CPC 3.0 code 01193
recursive_input_rule	seed used for sowing is a distinct upstream seed-supply input; it must not be represented by looping the harvested-grain reference flow back into the same production process
upstream_dataset_requirement	compatible upstream datasets for seed, nutrient products, crop-protection formulations, fuels, electricity, irrigation supply, and contracted field services when those burdens are outside the foreground operator
disclosure	species, cultivar or landrace, geography, field area, sowing and harvest dates, previous crop, establishment method, tillage, nutrient and irrigation practice, yield, moisture, residue fate, and primary post-harvest operations

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_crop_cycle_to_farm_gate	all conforming datasets	Include field preparation, sowing, crop management, harvest, field drying, threshing, and farm-gate primary dry cleaning or drying when those operations occur before hand-off.	fao-millets-fonio; cirad-fonio-production-postharvest
boundary_primary_vs_food_processing	post-harvest operations	Exclude dehulling, husk removal, washing, de-sanding, milling, precooking, parboiling, brewing, and other food preparation; declare them as downstream operations.	cirad-fonio-production-postharvest; fao-fonio-postharvest
boundary_direct_field_emissions	managed soil and field emissions	Include direct and indirect nitrogen-related emissions using a geographically applicable method and the same nutrient, residue, soil, and climate activity data used for the inventory.	ipcc-2019-managed-soils; emep-eea-2023-guidebook
boundary_residue_fate	stalks, leaves, chaff, and other residues	Distinguish residues retained or returned to soil, burned, removed as useful fodder, and removed as waste; prevent double counting residue nitrogen and exported biomass.	ipcc-2019-managed-soils
boundary_post_gate_exclusion	downstream activities	Exclude off-farm transport, commercial storage, packaging, dehulling, washing, milling, food manufacture, and consumption unless the study scope explicitly extends beyond this PCR.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
fonio_field_production	Fonio field production and harvest	required	always	managed biological production and harvest	cultivated hectare and marketable grain mass for one crop cycle
fonio_primary_postharvest	Farm-gate fonio primary post-harvest preparation	conditional	threshing, winnowing, dry cleaning, or forced-air drying is separated from field records and occurs before hand-off	reconcile harvested grain to dry threshed unhulled grain at the declared hand-off	incoming grain and accepted grain mass
declared_reference_handoff	Product Measurement at Declared Handoff	required		foreground	reference_product_at_declared_handoff

Process: Fonio field production and harvest (fonio_field_production)

Inputs

Product flows

Fonio seed for sowing (fonio_seed_input)

Record purchased or retained seed crossing into the crop cycle. Identify white or black fonio and the local seed lot; do not substitute the harvested-grain reference flow for planting seed.

• Selected flow: Fonio seed for sowing

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured seed mass sown by field and sowing event

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted using same-cycle marketable grain yield.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records

• Sources: fao-cultivating-fonio

• Range: Provisional fonio seed-rate screening range

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 2
  • Upper: 30
  • Unit: kg seed/ha
  • Basis: one crop cycle; retain the actual seed rate and establishment method, including broadcasting or row sowing
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Urea fertilizer (fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_urea)

Collection scope and applicability for fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs. The following concrete identities have separate cards and apply only when use or generation is evidenced inside the original process scope. They are not mandatory inputs or a default recipe. Document non-use; missing records are not zero. Add a separate concrete card for any other actual material instead of substituting one of these names or UUIDs. Preserve attribution and boundaries and avoid double counting components included in outsourced services.

Collect each fertilizer product separately. Preserve each actual product identity, quantity, formulation, nutrient composition, application event, and allocation; do not count a compound product more than once. Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the product UUID does not establish actual use or upstream-provider compatibility. Count physical product mass once and retain moisture, N/P/K composition and application events; nutrient quantities are calculated attributes, not additional purchases of the same product. Give unlisted compound and organic fertilizers separate cards identified by formulation or feedstock.

• Selected flow: Urea 3f8850c0-f718-4c4b-8fcb-8fd42e03aa8e
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under cp_field_activity_records and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records
• Sources: fao-fertilizer-identities

Use this product identity only when the actual formulation and grade are compatible. Retain supplier composition and mass records; do not substitute nutrient mass, dilute solution mass or service activity for the product mass. The UUID alone supplies neither a dose nor an emission factor.

Ammonium sulfate fertilizer (fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_ammonium_sulfate)

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the product UUID does not establish actual use or upstream-provider compatibility. Count physical product mass once and retain moisture, N/P/K composition and application events; nutrient quantities are calculated attributes, not additional purchases of the same product. Give unlisted compound and organic fertilizers separate cards identified by formulation or feedstock.

• Selected flow: Ammonium sulfate 8c6f0cbb-16d7-4dc9-8d55-e8dea17d7faf
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under cp_field_activity_records and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records
• Sources: fao-fertilizer-identities

Use this product identity only when the actual formulation and grade are compatible. Retain supplier composition and mass records; do not substitute nutrient mass, dilute solution mass or service activity for the product mass. The UUID alone supplies neither a dose nor an emission factor.

Triple superphosphate fertilizer (fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_triple_superphosphate)

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the UUID remains unverified. Count physical product mass once and retain moisture, N/P/K composition and application events; nutrient quantities are calculated attributes, not additional purchases of the same product. Give unlisted compound and organic fertilizers separate cards identified by formulation or feedstock.

• Selected flow: Triple superphosphate fertilizer
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under cp_field_activity_records and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records
• Sources: fao-fertilizer-identities

Potassium chloride fertilizer (fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_potassium_chloride)

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the UUID remains unverified. Count physical product mass once and retain moisture, N/P/K composition and application events; nutrient quantities are calculated attributes, not additional purchases of the same product. Give unlisted compound and organic fertilizers separate cards identified by formulation or feedstock.

• Selected flow: Potassium chloride fertilizer
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under cp_field_activity_records and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records
• Sources: fao-fertilizer-identities

Cattle manure applied as fertilizer (fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_cattle_manure)

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the UUID remains unverified. Count physical product mass once and retain moisture, N/P/K composition and application events; nutrient quantities are calculated attributes, not additional purchases of the same product. Give unlisted compound and organic fertilizers separate cards identified by formulation or feedstock.

• Selected flow: Cattle manure applied as fertilizer
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under cp_field_activity_records and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records
• Sources: fao-organic-nutrients

Composted plant residues applied to soil (fonio_field_production_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_plant_compost)

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the UUID remains unverified. Count physical product mass once and retain moisture, N/P/K composition and application events; nutrient quantities are calculated attributes, not additional purchases of the same product. Give unlisted compound and organic fertilizers separate cards identified by formulation or feedstock.

• Selected flow: Composted plant residues applied to soil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under cp_field_activity_records and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records
• Sources: fao-organic-nutrients

Irrigation water supplied (fonio_irrigation_water_input)

Record irrigation delivered to the field separately from rainfall, including pumping or purchased-water activity when within the foreground boundary.

• Selected flow: Irrigation water supply

• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3

• Amount rule: metered volume or verified pump-flow calculation

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records

• Range: Provisional irrigation screening estimate

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 3000
  • Unit: m3/ha
  • Basis: one crop cycle, including rainfed production at zero
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Diesel fuel used by field machinery (fonio_field_diesel_input)

Record diesel consumed by owned or controlled machinery. Assign contractor fuel to an upstream service dataset when the service is modelled separately.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel 9d258d75-6792-4f1c-9856-81602ed8f816

• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg

• Amount rule: measured or invoiced diesel assigned to fonio field operations

• Value mode: calculated_value

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Fuel inventory (fuel_inventory)

• Evidence kind: calculated_from_collection

• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records

Only actual diesel is represented by this card; other fuels or an inclusive contracted service require their own separate identities and must not also be charged here. The linked quantity is kg of diesel: preserve raw tank/invoice units; calculate kg = L × documented density in kg/L at the recorded temperature, or kg = MJ / documented diesel lower heating value in MJ/kg on the same energy basis. Direct mass records require no carrier conversion. Missing density or heating value must be obtained, never assumed. Apply measured area, period and accepted-output normalization once after carrier conversion, retaining the original final reference amount. No universal per-hectare fuel screen is imposed.

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Land occupation by fonio cultivation (fonio_land_occupation)

Record the cultivated area and occupation period for the fonio crop cycle as an elementary resource intervention; include land transformation only when the crop cycle causes a documented change in land use.

• Selected flow: Land occupation, arable crop, annual

• Flow property / unit: Area-time / m2·year

• Amount rule: cultivated area multiplied by occupation time for the declared crop cycle

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_activity_records

• Range: Provisional land-occupation screening estimate

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0.5
  • Upper: 2
  • Unit: m2·year per m2 cultivated
  • Basis: annual crop occupation; replace with field dates where available
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Outputs

Product flows

Harvested fonio grain at farm gate (fonio_grain_field_output)

Record marketable dry threshed unhulled grain at the terminal field-production output. When primary post-harvest preparation is separated, this is the measured intermediate transferred to that process.

• Selected flow: Fonio, production mix, at farm gate, harvested grain, unprocessed 0cd0dc39-a4ec-4caf-addb-1ec276c2f286

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg Raw output measurement and reconciliation: measured marketable grain mass at the declared moisture and foreign-matter basis

• Amount rule: measured net transfer mass, retaining lot, actual product state and moisture basis; reconcile to the final reference output at the declared handoff

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare; terminal output is scaled to 1,000 kg reference grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_output_records

• Range: Provisional species/region-dependent grain-yield estimate; endpoints not verified for either fonio species

  • Range role: Typical range (typical_range)
  • Lower: 150
  • Upper: 800
  • Unit: kg grain/ha
  • Basis: broad reported fonio yield context; retain local measured yield and moisture
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Fonio straw removed as useful product (fonio_removed_straw_output)

Record stalks and leaves only when deliberately collected and transferred as a useful fodder or material co-product. Residues retained or incorporated in the field are not this output.

• Selected flow: Fonio straw removed at field edge

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg dry matter

• Amount rule: measured removed straw mass by destination and moisture basis

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_output_records

• Range: Provisional removed-straw screening estimate

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 5000
  • Unit: kg dry matter/ha
  • Basis: one crop cycle; zero where residues remain or are returned to soil
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Nitrous oxide released to ambient air (fonio_field_n2o_air_output)

Calculate soil nitrous oxide from collected mineral and organic nitrogen, residue fate, and an applicable IPCC tier or reviewed regional method.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide emission to ambient air

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg N2O

• Amount rule: calculated from collected nitrogen activity data and declared emission factors

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: N input (n_input)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_emission_activity

• Sources: ipcc-2019-managed-soils

Ammonia released to ambient air (fonio_field_ammonia_air_output)

Calculate ammonia volatilization by nutrient product, application method, timing, and geographically applicable factor.

• Selected flow: Ammonia emission to ambient air

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg NH3

• Amount rule: calculated from nitrogen application records and applicable factors

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: N input (n_input)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_emission_activity

• Sources: emep-eea-2023-guidebook

Nitrate released to water (fonio_field_nitrate_water_output)

Record nitrate leaching or runoff only when supported by a geographically applicable model, monitored balance, or reviewed inventory method.

• Selected flow: Nitrate emission to water

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg nitrate

• Amount rule: calculated from nitrogen inputs, crop and soil conditions, drainage or runoff, and selected method

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per cultivated hectare and converted to 1,000 kg grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: N input (n_input)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_emission_activity

• Sources: ipcc-2019-managed-soils

Process: Farm-gate fonio primary post-harvest preparation (fonio_primary_postharvest)

Inputs

Product flows

Threshed fonio grain entering primary preparation (fonio_primary_grain_input)

Record the measured grain batch transferred from field production to separated threshing, winnowing, dry cleaning, or forced-air drying before the farm-gate hand-off.

• Selected flow: Fonio, production mix, at farm gate, harvested grain, unprocessed 0cd0dc39-a4ec-4caf-addb-1ec276c2f286

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured incoming grain mass and moisture for each matched batch

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per preparation batch and converted to 1,000 kg accepted grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_primary_postharvest_records

Electricity supplied to primary preparation (fonio_postharvest_electricity_input)

Record electricity used by mechanical threshing, fans, conveyors, dry cleaners, or forced-air dryers included before the farm-gate hand-off.

• Selected flow: Electricity supply for fonio primary post-harvest preparation

• Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh

• Amount rule: metered electricity or equipment power multiplied by verified operating time

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1,000 kg accepted grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_primary_postharvest_records

• Range: Provisional primary-preparation electricity screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 60
  • Unit: kWh/1,000 kg accepted grain
  • Basis: zero for fully manual or sun-dried preparation; retain equipment and operating-time records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Thermal energy supplied to grain drying (fonio_postharvest_heat_input)

Record supplied heat or fuel energy used for forced-air or other active drying before hand-off; sun drying is recorded as an operation with zero purchased thermal energy.

• Selected flow: Process heat for fonio grain drying

• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ

• Amount rule: measured fuel or heat converted to delivered energy while retaining carrier identity

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1,000 kg accepted grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_primary_postharvest_records

• Range: Provisional drying-energy screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 500
  • Unit: MJ/1,000 kg accepted grain
  • Basis: zero without active drying; broad candidate range pending equipment and moisture records
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Dry threshed fonio grain at farm gate (fonio_primary_grain_output)

Record accepted grain after the included threshing, winnowing, dry cleaning, or drying steps at the declared farm-gate moisture and foreign-matter basis. Dehulling is outside this process.

• Selected flow: Fonio, production mix, at farm gate, harvested grain, unprocessed 0cd0dc39-a4ec-4caf-addb-1ec276c2f286

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg Raw output measurement and reconciliation: measured accepted grain mass at declared moisture and foreign-matter basis

• Amount rule: measured net transfer mass, retaining lot, actual product state and moisture basis; reconcile to the final reference output at the declared handoff

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: terminal output scaled to 1,000 kg reference grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_primary_postharvest_records

• Range: Provisional accepted-grain moisture screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 8
  • Upper: 14
  • Unit: percent moisture, wet basis
  • Basis: declared market and storage state; use the buyer specification when different
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Chaff, foreign matter, and non-useful grain rejects (fonio_primary_reject_waste)

Record chaff, stones, soil, weed material, damaged grain, and other rejects by material class and destination. Useful grain fractions handed off for feed or another use are separate product co-products.

• Selected flow: Fonio primary-preparation rejects and foreign matter

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: measured reject mass by material class and destination

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1,000 kg accepted grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_primary_postharvest_records

• Range: Provisional primary-preparation reject screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 120
  • Unit: kg/1,000 kg incoming grain
  • Basis: preparation batch; distinguish useful co-products from disposal waste
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Grain loss during primary preparation (fonio_primary_grain_loss)

Record unexplained or unavoidable grain loss separately from identifiable foreign matter and rejects; investigate losses before assigning them to disposal or residue pathways.

• Selected flow: Fonio grain loss during primary post-harvest preparation

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg

• Amount rule: incoming grain minus accepted grain, useful co-products, identified rejects, and measured moisture or process losses

• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per 1,000 kg accepted grain.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)

• Collection protocol: cp_primary_postharvest_records

• Range: Provisional grain-loss screen

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 80
  • Unit: kg/1,000 kg incoming grain
  • Basis: matched batch balance; explain values above the screen
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Process: Product Measurement at the Declared Handoff (declared_reference_handoff)

This node records the actual product handoff at the existing system boundary for reconciliation and reference-quantity normalization. It adds no physical processing and does not presume drying, cooling, storage, packaging or transport. Each data package declares one actual route, one terminal product state, moisture or dry-matter basis, and gate. Feed only the accepted product delivered by that route at that gate into this node; do not add other routes as extra inputs. Record co-products separately and apply Section 7. Count preceding inputs, losses and emissions once. Normalize using the measured accepted net mass at the handoff; this measurement node changes neither mass, yield nor allocation.

Inputs

Product flows

Actual route product at handoff (actual_route_product_for_handoff)

Record the accepted product delivered by the actual terminal route and reconcile it with handoff weighing and lot records.

• Selected flow: Fonio, production mix, at farm gate, harvested grain, unprocessed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: measured accepted net product mass at the actual handoff, normalized to the reference quantity; do not sum preceding-stage quantities, other routes or co-products
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_declared_reference_handoff
• Range: Handoff quantity normalization identity
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg net handoff mass of the same state
  • Basis: normalization of the measured net mass of the same handoff state; not a physical-operation yield
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: declared-handoff-measurement-definition

Waste flows

This measurement node adds no waste inputs.

Elementary flows

This measurement node adds no resource inputs.

Outputs

Product flows

Reference product at declared handoff (reference_product_at_declared_handoff)

• Selected flow: Fonio, production mix, at farm gate, harvested grain, unprocessed
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: 1000 kg
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_declared_reference_handoff Confirm the product UUID independently for the actual state. Until confirmed, retain unresolved identity instead of inheriting a UUID from a preceding stage or another route.
• Range: Handoff quantity normalization identity
  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: kg/kg net handoff mass of the same state
  • Basis: normalization of the measured net mass of the same handoff state; not a physical-operation yield
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Method formula (method_formula)
  • Sources: declared-handoff-measurement-definition

Waste flows

Record actual losses at the operation where they occur; do not duplicate them here.

Elementary flows

Record actual emissions at the operation where they occur; do not duplicate them here.

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_by_subdivision	field production and primary preparation	Prefer separate records for field production, harvest, and primary preparation, and measure grain, useful straw, useful screenings, and disposal waste separately before applying allocation.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_field_residue	residues retained, incorporated, or burned	Do not treat retained residues as co-products; include their management and associated emissions in field production and prevent double counting with removed straw.	ipcc-2019-managed-soils
allocation_removed_straw	useful removed straw or fodder	If subdivision cannot resolve shared field burdens, apply economic allocation using contemporaneous farm-gate values, disclose moisture bases, and test mass allocation as a sensitivity.	iso-14044-2006
allocation_primary_outputs	useful screenings and grain fractions	Treat an intentionally marketed fraction with positive value as a co-product and other rejects as waste; allocate only the separated primary-preparation burdens when subdivision is infeasible.	iso-14044-2006

Concrete cards do not inherit numerical ranges from the former aggregate card. Determine quantities from original records, stock/meter reconciliation and the declared reference flow; no default quantity or numeric screen is supplied without evidence matching the identity, unit, period and boundary. Missing range evidence is a quality disclosure, not zero use or proof of completeness.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Specific input identification before dataset completion

Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.

requirement_id	collection_protocol_id	Preserved collection scope
fonio_crop_protection_input_specific_input	cp_field_activity_records	Operation fonio_field_production: Create one exchange for each actual herbicide, fungicide, insecticide, or other formulation and retain the active ingredient, concentration, and application event. Original quantity method: measured formulation mass by product and application event

Retain raw site, lot, cycle and stage quantities and denominators in each collection protocol. Reconcile stocks, losses, moisture and co-product attribution first, then normalize: normalized exchange = attributable raw exchange × declared reference quantity / accepted hand-off product quantity on the same boundary and measurement basis. Apply perennial-establishment and shared-operation attribution before this normalization. Never set an internal-transfer quantity equal to the final reference quantity. Per declared reference flow means the amount, unit and product state in section 3; the data package must declare its actual route and gate.

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_field_activity_records	fonio_field_production	seed, nutrients, irrigation, fuel, crop protection, land	field log, input invoice, application record, meter, or contractor record	field_id; species; cultivar; area; input_product; amount; nutrient_content; date; operation; contractor_scope; sowing_date; harvest_date	reconcile physical inputs and operations to each field and crop cycle; Raw aggregation and attribution: sum by physical identity; calculate nutrients without merging products; normalize with same-cycle area and yield fonio_crop_protection_input_specific_input: Operation fonio_field_production: Create one exchange for each actual herbicide, fungicide, insecticide, or other formulation and retain the active ingredient, concentration, and application event. Original quantity method: measured formulation mass by product and application event Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.	kg; kg nutrient; L; m3; ha; m2·year	each event	complete crop cycle	all represented fields	per declared reference flow	invoices; product labels; calibrated meters; field logs
cp_harvest_output_records	fonio_field_production	grain, straw, residue fate	scale, yield estimate, moisture test, bale record, or destination record	field_id; harvest_date; grain_mass; grain_moisture; foreign_matter; straw_mass; straw_moisture; residue_fate; destination	reconcile harvested and removed masses to field area and crop cycle; Raw aggregation and attribution: sum accepted grain and each residue destination separately	kg; percent; ha	each harvest or field lot	complete crop cycle	all represented fields	per declared reference flow	scale or yield-monitor checks; moisture records; destination evidence
cp_field_emission_activity	fonio_field_production	emissions to air and water	nutrient, soil, weather, residue, and emission-model records	fertilizer_N; organic_N; residue_N; application_method; soil; climate; drainage; factor_set; model_version	Within each compatible route/product/state, calculate attributable raw totals by field first. Aggregate final intensity = sum(attributable raw quantities) * declared reference quantity / sum(matched accepted final outputs). When source quantities are per-ha rates e_h and y_h, first recover raw totals as e_harea and y_harea; do not area-weight field totals again. A per-product intensity is weighted by its matched output, not area or an unweighted mean. Apply existing allocation once, preserve period/throughput and all source-unit conversions, and keep incompatible routes separate.	kg N; kg emission; ha	each event and crop-cycle calculation	complete crop cycle	all represented fields	per declared reference flow	source records; factor provenance; model file; nutrient-balance review
cp_primary_postharvest_records	fonio_primary_postharvest	incoming grain, energy, accepted grain, rejects, losses	batch ticket, scale, moisture test, electricity meter, fuel record, and destination record	batch_id; incoming_mass; incoming_moisture; operation; electricity; heat; accepted_mass; accepted_moisture; rejects; loss; destination	reconcile matched batches and meters to accepted output; keep dehulling and washing outside this protocol; Raw aggregation and attribution: sum matched batches; allocate shared meters by time or processed mass; close wet-mass balance	kg; percent; kWh; MJ	each batch or meter period	all included pre-gate preparation	all included equipment and batches	per declared reference flow	calibrated scales and moisture meters; meter reconciliation; destination records
cp_declared_reference_handoff	declared_reference_handoff	reference_product_at_declared_handoff	handoff weighing and acceptance records	route, terminal_output_row_id, product_state, gate, lot, net_mass_kg, moisture_basis, acceptance, tare	Use calibrated scales or traceable weighing records; reconcile the actual terminal-operation handoff lot, accepted net mass, product state and moisture; exclude packaging tare and do not sum preceding-stage quantities.	kg	each handoff lot	declared reporting period	declared handoff gate	per declared reference flow	calibration or weighing tickets, acceptance and lot traceability

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_area_to_reference_flow	field flows	crop-cycle amount per hectare / marketable grain yield per hectare × 1,000 kg	flow amount; area; same-cycle grain mass	amount per 1,000 kg grain
calc_nutrient_content	fertilizer and amendment inputs	product mass × declared nutrient fraction; preserve product identity and nutrient reporting basis	product identity; mass; assay; reporting basis	kg N, kg P2O5, kg K2O by source
calc_managed_soil_n2o	soil N2O	apply selected IPCC tier or regional method to mineral N, organic N, returned-residue N, volatilization, and leaching pathways	nitrogen activity; residue fate; soil and climate; factors	kg N2O by pathway	ipcc-2019-managed-soils
calc_ammonia_volatilization	ammonia to air	calculate by nutrient product, application method, timing, and applicable factor	nutrient records; application details; factors	kg NH3	emep-eea-2023-guidebook
calc_primary_postharvest_mass_balance	primary preparation	incoming wet grain = accepted grain + useful fractions + rejects + moisture and other measured losses within uncertainty	incoming and output masses; moisture; loss records	reconciled outputs per accepted grain	mass-balance-identity
calc_energy_carrier_conversion	post-harvest energy	convert measured fuel or heat carrier to delivered energy using the declared carrier property and retain the original carrier record	fuel or heat amount; carrier property; equipment record	kWh or MJ delivered
chemical_species_mass_accounting	elementary_nutrient_emissions	Final elementary exchanges use the mass of the identified substance and one actual receiving compartment. Keep nutrient/activity ledgers separate: species-specific N2O-N × 44/28 gives N2O, NH3-N × 17/14 gives NH3, nitrate-N × 62/14 gives nitrate, and phosphate-P × 95/31 gives phosphate. If the selected flow is elemental phosphorus instead, report kg P and convert phosphate mass by 31/95 only when that species basis is evidenced. Apply a conversion exactly once only when the method output is on the elemental basis; measured compound mass is not reconverted. Total nutrient losses cannot be assigned to a single species without a supported split, and residual/retained soil nutrient is not an emission. Keep direct/indirect pathway ledgers and avoid repeating a pathway already included in the chosen method or upstream inventory. Factor uncertainty ranges screen factors on their stated basis, not final compound amounts or admissible site emissions. Normalize the attributable compound mass once using the accepted reference quantity and the matched measured output. Unknown activity, identity or compartment remains an evidence gap and blocks a completeness claim.	cp_field_emission_activity; species-specific activity ledger, method pathway and factor basis, matched accepted output	Identity-specific exchanges and reconciled activity records

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	reference product	Confirm white or black fonio rather than millet, sorghum, quinoa, or dehulled fonio; retain species, cultivar or landrace, intended use, hull state, and hand-off.	crop, lot, and sales records
dq_temporal_alignment	all foreground rows	Use inputs, harvest, yield, emissions, and primary-preparation records from the same crop cycle; disclose proxy years or borrowed activity data.	dated field and batch records
dq_mass_and_moisture	grain, straw, and batch outputs	Retain scale checks and moisture measurements for every wet or dry basis conversion and reconcile the original mass basis.	calibration and moisture-test records
dq_completeness	process map and flows	Reconcile every represented field and primary-preparation batch and distinguish zero, not applicable, proxy, and missing values.	field roster; batch reconciliation
dq_boundary_processing	post-harvest route	Demonstrate that dehulling, washing, de-sanding, milling, and food processing are excluded or represented by a separate downstream dataset.	operation log; process diagram; facility records
dq_identity_resolution	parameterized and unmapped flows	Verify each actual exchange against its concrete flow UUID, physical state, property and unit; preserve explicit unresolved identities when confirmation is unavailable.	identity review record

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_reference_output	terminal output	Exactly one terminal fonio grain output equals 1,000 kg after scaling, uses the verified reference identity, and declares species, hull state, moisture, and foreign-matter qualifiers.
validation_process_route	process map	Include field production once; include primary post-harvest preparation only when it occurs before farm-gate hand-off and is not already embedded in field records; exclude dehulling and washing.	cirad-fonio-production-postharvest
validation_crop_cycle_reconciliation	field inventory	Area, inputs, harvest outputs, residue fates, and emissions refer to the same fields and crop cycle.
validation_nitrogen_balance	nitrogen inventory	Reconcile mineral and organic nutrient content, returned and removed residue nitrogen, and emission pathways with methods and factors disclosed.	ipcc-2019-managed-soils
validation_primary_postharvest_balance	primary preparation	Reconcile incoming grain with accepted grain, useful fractions, rejects, moisture loss, and unexplained loss within declared uncertainty.	mass-balance-identity
validation_flow_identity	every flow	Verify each actual exchange against its concrete flow UUID, physical state, property and unit; preserve explicit unresolved identities when confirmation is unavailable.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	foreground fonio grain production dataset
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review and publication
allowed_use	farm-gate LCA of white or black fonio grain and downstream systems that preserve declared species, geography, moisture, residue, allocation, and primary-preparation context
excluded_use	planting seed, wild collection, forage or silage, dehulled or washed fonio, flour, precooked or parboiled products, brewing, or another cereal without a reviewed proxy decision
required_metadata	species; cultivar or landrace; geography; crop year; area; sowing and harvest dates; yield; moisture; foreign matter; intended use; tillage; nutrients; irrigation; residue fate; primary post-harvest boundary; allocation; identity resolution
required_quality_disclosure	foreground coverage; proxy inputs; missing records; range exceedances; emission methods; moisture basis; meter and mass-balance reconciliations; downstream processing exclusions
update_trigger	new reviewed fonio agronomy or post-harvest evidence, material route change, revised emission method, changed concrete flow identity verification

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
fao-millets-fonio	official_guidance	FAO, Millets: West African fonio and related millets, https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/esw/esw_new/documents/Links/publications_other/6_millets.pdf	crop duration, drought adaptation, cultivation context, and post-harvest labour distinction
fao-ecocrop-fonio	official_guidance	FAO Ecocrop, Digitaria exilis crop data sheet, https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=5329	maturity, harvest season, and broad fonio yield context
fao-cultivating-fonio	official_guidance	FAO, Cultivating fonio, cultivating traditions, https://www.fao.org/newsroom/story/cultivating-fonio-cultivating-traditions/	planting practice, row sowing, yield-improvement context, and storage training
cirad-fonio-production-postharvest	handbook	CIRAD, Le fonio, une céréale africaine, https://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=560957	production systems, harvest, drying, threshing, winnowing, and processing boundary
fao-fonio-postharvest	handbook	AGRIS/CIRAD, Improvement of fonio post-harvest technology, https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122653/records/64745b8c96fdec8b71b6ffc0	dehulling, washing, de-sanding, and mechanized post-harvest distinction
ipcc-2019-managed-soils	method_factor	IPCC, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 11, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/4_Volume4/19R_V4_Ch11_Soils_N2O_CO2.pdf	managed-soil N2O, residue nitrogen, volatilization and leaching pathways
emep-eea-2023-guidebook	method_factor	European Environment Agency, EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023	agricultural ammonia method and QA context
iso-14044-2006	standard	ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines	allocation hierarchy and disclosure
mass-balance-identity	method_factor	Conservation of mass applied to matched fonio primary-preparation batches	batch reconciliation and validation

source_id	type	reference	used_for
declared-handoff-measurement-definition	method_factor	This PCR, Sections 3, 6 and 8: measured net mass at the same state and gate is its own normalization denominator, giving a mass ratio of 1; handoff measurement adds no physical processing.	Same-stage and handoff measurement identities; a definition, not an observed yield, empirical default or external publication.
fao-fertilizer-identities	official_guidance	FAO Fertilizer Specifications, https://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/spi/plantnutrition/fertspecs/en/	conditional concrete identities and method context; does not establish site use or quantities
fao-organic-nutrients	official_guidance	FAO How to Make and Use Compost, https://www.fao.org/4/i2230e/i2230e.pdf	conditional concrete identities and method context; does not establish site use or quantities