Fresh cassava roots at farm gate

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta) storage roots delivered whole, fresh and unprocessed at the farm gate. Stem-cutting establishment, managed field growth, root lifting, and on-farm grading before the gate are foreground responsibilities. The production mix must retain the observed cultivar, edible/industrial-use class, region, field cycle and sale route. The reference excludes dried chips, flour, starch, fermented foods, peeled or waxed roots, and downstream transport or factory processing. Stem cuttings are planting inputs or separately declared intentional outputs, never root mass. Rapid deterioration and mechanical injury make harvest-to-gate time and reject mass mandatory lot observations [fao-fresh-root-handling].

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.products-of-agriculture-horticulture-and-market-gardening.cassava
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 01520 Cassava; classification is a mapping context, not the PCR identity; mapping relation: narrower
covered_products	Whole fresh cassava storage roots produced by field cultivation
excluded_products	Cassava chips, flour, starch, peeled, fermented, waxed or dried roots; stems and leaves as reference product
representative_product	Whole fresh cassava roots in the declared farm-gate market class
production_route	Vegetative stem-cutting establishment → field growth → root lifting → farm-gate fresh-root grading
market_state	Fresh, unprocessed produce; Production mix, at farm gate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Whole fresh cassava storage roots accepted at farm gate
How much	1 kg net fresh mass
How well	Declared cultivar and fresh-root market class, with damaged/rejected roots excluded
How long or cycle	Observed planting-to-lifting crop cycle and harvest-to-gate interval; attribute inputs from every calendar period crossed by that cycle once
reference_flow_link	marketable_roots

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Cassava 98eeec70-fa0d-41c5-967f-6b6dd000b5f7
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Mass units 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	cultivar; geography; planting and lifting dates; crop-cycle duration; fresh-root use/market class; harvest-to-gate elapsed time; acceptance and reject criteria; moisture or water status where measured

Measurement basis qualifier: 1 kg net accepted fresh roots

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
net_fresh_mass	reference and all root streams	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Weigh whole roots on a consistent fresh-mass basis; exclude soil and containers, and disclose tare and moisture observations.
area_to_reference	field and harvest activities	Area	ha	Divide cycle totals by accepted farm-gate fresh-root mass; do not equate gross lifted yield to reference yield.
lot_balance	gate sorting	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Reconcile received = accepted + downgraded + rejected + measured mass discrepancy; record every category at one lot gate.
cutting_count	planting material	Count	pieces	Count live stem pieces; retain piece mass only as a separate measured conversion if used in LCA exchanges.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Land and a declared purchased or retained healthy stem-cutting stock at planting; record previous crop, retained-stem source and field age.
starting_condition_role	The crop cycle begins at material establishment; upstream production of purchased cuttings and other products is linked as background.
product_classification_scope	Whole fresh cassava roots, independent of CPC code.
recursive_input_rule	Retained stems from this or a prior cassava cycle are a documented internal transfer; link the producing cycle once, with no self-referential product loop.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link purchased cuttings, fertilizers, crop protection, energy and supplied water to suitable upstream datasets; disclose unresolved identity.
disclosure	Declare crop cycle, land/irrigation regime, stem source, harvest and grade states, time to gate, and any intentional stem co-product.

Boundary Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
fresh_root_gate	output boundary	Stop at whole fresh accepted roots weighed at farm gate. Include only measured in-boundary short holding and sorting. Exclude industrial drying, starch extraction, chipping, waxing and downstream transport.	fao-fresh-root-handling
cutting_origin	crop establishment	Treat vegetative stem pieces as planting material, track purchased versus retained supply and avoid duplicating upstream stem-production burdens.	iita-cassava-agronomy
harvest_separation	root lifting	Keep the lifting event separate from field management to reconcile lifted roots, unlifted losses, leaves and stems.	fao-cassava-cultivation
grade_states	farm-gate sorting	Distinguish accepted reference roots, downgraded usable roots and discarded roots; record each destination and harvest-to-grade delay.	fao-fresh-root-handling
period_link	multi-period cycle	Attribute each input and output to its crop cycle and calendar reporting period once; carry field establishment across year boundaries when needed.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
field	Cassava establishment and field growth	required	always	vegetative establishment, management and standing crop hand-off	per ha crop cycle
harvest	Root lifting and stem disposition	required	always	remove roots from standing crop and separate stems/residues	per ha harvested crop
gate	Fresh-root grading and farm-gate transfer	required	always	separate accepted, downgraded and rejected fresh roots	per tonne received roots

Process: Cassava establishment and field growth (field)

Inputs

Product flows

Planting stem cuttings (stem_cuttings)

Count sound planted stem pieces from purchased or retained material.

• Selected flow: Cassava stem cuttings

• Flow property / unit: pieces

• Amount rule: Count sound planted stem pieces from purchased or retained material

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha established crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

• Range: Regional planting-density example at one cutting per plant; replace with field records

  • Range role: Typical range (typical_range)
  • Lower: 10000
  • Upper: 15000
  • Unit: pieces/ha
  • Basis: per ha established crop; regional 10,000–15,000 plants/ha example converted at one cutting per plant; replace with field records
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: External source (external_source)
  • Sources: fao-cassava-cultivation

Fertilizer, urea input (field_agricultural_nutrient_inputs)

Include this conditional card only when Fertilizer, urea is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Fertilizer, urea

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Fertilizer, urea used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate input (field_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_monoammonium_phosphate)

Include this conditional card only when Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

Fertilizer, potassium chloride input (field_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_potassium_chloride)

Include this conditional card only when Fertilizer, potassium chloride is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Fertilizer, potassium chloride

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Fertilizer, potassium chloride used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

Cattle manure, as applied input (field_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_cattle_manure)

Include this conditional card only when Cattle manure, as applied is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Cattle manure, as applied

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Cattle manure, as applied used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

Agricultural limestone input (field_agricultural_nutrient_inputs_agricultural_limestone)

Include this conditional card only when Agricultural limestone is actually used in the declared process. For every other actual product or carrier, create a separate atomic exchange with its own identity and measured amount; do not infer its use from this example.

• Selected flow: Agricultural limestone

• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg product

• Amount rule: Measured quantity of Agricultural limestone used by this process and period; report zero or not applicable only when the route records establish absence.

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

Required crop-protection records: before completing the foreground package, enumerate every actually applied formulated product separately, retaining trade name, active ingredient, salt or chemical form, concentration, density where needed, application quantity, date and treated area. Select one physically specific product identity per exchange. Derive active-substance releases separately by substance and receiving compartment. Missing formulation identity is a completeness gap; do not replace it with a generic pesticide, invented example, or assumed zero.

Supplied irrigation water (irrigation_water)

Record metered or documented supplied irrigation volume; do not count rainfall as a purchased product.

• Selected flow: Irrigation water

• Flow property / unit: m3

• Amount rule: Record metered or documented supplied irrigation volume; do not count rainfall as a purchased product

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

• Range: Provisional QA screen; zero applies when no irrigation occurs

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 20000
  • Unit: m3/ha
  • Basis: per ha crop cycle; Provisional QA screen; zero applies when no irrigation occurs
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Diesel fuel (field_fuel)

Include this exchange only when Diesel fuel is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured Diesel fuel supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: crop_cycle
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

Field electricity (field_electricity)

Record metered electricity for irrigation or field operation, excluding downstream processing.

• Selected flow: Electricity

• Flow property / unit: kWh

• Amount rule: Record metered electricity for irrigation or field operation, excluding downstream processing

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

• Range: Provisional QA screen; zero where no powered equipment is used

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 20000
  • Unit: kWh/ha
  • Basis: per ha crop cycle; Provisional QA screen; zero where no powered equipment is used
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Standing cassava crop handed to harvest (standing_crop)

Record the cultivated area and maturity/harvest event; do not count this internal hand-off as an extra market product.

• Selected flow: Standing cassava crop

• Flow property / unit: ha

• Amount rule: Record the cultivated area and maturity/harvest event; do not count this internal hand-off as an extra market product

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

• Range: Identity of area transfer from field to harvest

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: ha/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Identity of area transfer from field to harvest
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Direct soil nitrous oxide (soil_n2o)

Measure or calculate direct soil N2O from recorded N inputs and crop residues with an explicitly selected local or IPCC method.

• Selected flow: Nitrous oxide to air

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Measure or calculate direct soil N2O from recorded N inputs and crop residues with an explicitly selected local or IPCC method

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha crop cycle.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_field_register

• Sources: ipcc-2019-soils

• Range: Provisional screening only; not an IPCC emission factor

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 50
  • Unit: kg N2O/ha
  • Basis: per ha crop cycle; Provisional screening only; not an IPCC emission factor
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Process: Root lifting and stem disposition (harvest)

Inputs

Product flows

Standing crop received (standing_crop_input)

Link to the same area and harvest event transferred by field production.

• Selected flow: Standing cassava crop

• Flow property / unit: ha

• Amount rule: Link to the same area and harvest event transferred by field production

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

• Range: Identity of area transfer to harvest

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 1
  • Upper: 1
  • Unit: ha/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Identity of area transfer to harvest
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Diesel fuel (harvest_fuel)

Include this exchange only when Diesel fuel is actually supplied to this process. Record every other actual carrier separately. For purchased operating services, retain the supplier boundary and do not also count fuel or electricity already included in that service. Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Selected flow: Diesel fuel
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured Diesel fuel supplied to this process and period, normalized once to the declared reference output; convert carrier-native units only with documented density, calorific value or meter conventions where needed.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
• Basis kind: crop_cycle
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Lifted fresh cassava roots (lifted_roots)

Weigh all lifted fresh roots as an intended output before gate sorting, including roots later rejected.

• Selected flow: Fresh cassava roots after lifting

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Weigh all lifted fresh roots as an intended output before gate sorting, including roots later rejected

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

• Range: Broad provisional harvest QA screen; marketable yield is separately reconciled

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Broad provisional harvest QA screen; marketable yield is separately reconciled
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Retained planting stems (retained_stems)

Record weighed stems intentionally retained for the next crop as an internal transfer; marketed stems become a separate intended co-product.

• Selected flow: Cassava planting stems

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Record weighed stems intentionally retained for the next crop as an internal transfer; marketed stems become a separate intended co-product

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

• Range: Provisional QA screen; conditional on stem retention

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 30000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Provisional QA screen; conditional on stem retention
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Marketed planting stems as co-product (marketed_stems)

Weigh stems intentionally marketed as a co-product and record separate purchaser and price.

• Selected flow: Cassava planting stems

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Weigh stems intentionally marketed as a co-product and record separate purchaser and price

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

• Range: Provisional QA screen; applies only where stems are marketed

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 30000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Provisional QA screen; applies only where stems are marketed
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Leaves and uncollected stems left in field (field_residue)

Estimate or weigh nonmarket leaves and stems returned to field; do not count retained planting stems twice.

• Selected flow: Cassava field residues

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Estimate or weigh nonmarket leaves and stems returned to field; do not count retained planting stems twice

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

• Range: Provisional QA screen for wet field residue

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 50000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Provisional QA screen for wet field residue
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Unlifted or broken roots left in field (unlifted_loss)

Estimate root loss in sampling plots separately from weighed lifted roots.

• Selected flow: Uncollected cassava root loss

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Estimate root loss in sampling plots separately from weighed lifted roots

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_harvest_register

• Range: Provisional QA screen for uncollected fresh root loss

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 20000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Provisional QA screen for uncollected fresh root loss
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

Process: Fresh-root grading and farm-gate transfer (gate)

Inputs

Product flows

Fresh lifted roots received for gate grading (received_roots)

Link measured mass to lifted_roots in the same lot; log lifting and grading times.

• Selected flow: Fresh cassava roots after lifting

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Link measured mass to lifted_roots in the same lot; log lifting and grading times

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_gate_lot

• Range: Provisional QA screen; must reconcile with harvest transfer

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; Provisional QA screen; must reconcile with harvest transfer
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Farm-gate grading electricity (gate_electricity)

Record metered electricity only where sorting, weighing or short holding uses power.

• Selected flow: Electricity

• Flow property / unit: kWh

• Amount rule: Record metered electricity only where sorting, weighing or short holding uses power

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per tonne fresh roots received.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_gate_lot

• Range: Provisional QA screen conditional on powered handling

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100
  • Unit: kWh/t
  • Basis: per tonne fresh roots received; Provisional QA screen conditional on powered handling
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Marketable fresh cassava roots at farm gate (marketable_roots)

Weigh accepted whole fresh roots at farm gate, with stated cultivar, use class, condition and time since lifting.

• Selected flow: Cassava 98eeec70-fa0d-41c5-967f-6b6dd000b5f7

• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg Raw output measurement and reconciliation: Weigh accepted whole fresh roots at farm gate, with stated cultivar, use class, condition and time since lifting

• Amount rule: 1 kg

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per ha harvested crop.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_gate_lot

• Range: Broad provisional yield QA screen; actual accepted fresh-root mass governs

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 100000
  • Unit: kg/ha
  • Basis: per ha harvested crop; broad provisional yield QA screen; actual accepted fresh-root mass governs
  • Basis kind: Crop cycle (crop_cycle)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Downgraded but usable fresh roots (downgraded_roots)

Weigh downgraded roots separately only when sold or handed off as an intended usable fresh-root class.

• Selected flow: Fresh cassava roots, downgraded

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Weigh downgraded roots separately only when sold or handed off as an intended usable fresh-root class

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per tonne fresh roots received.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_gate_lot

• Range: Physical partition QA screen; conditional on a downgraded market route

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1000
  • Unit: kg/t
  • Basis: per tonne fresh roots received; Physical partition QA screen; conditional on a downgraded market route
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Waste flows

Rejected damaged or deteriorated roots (rejected_roots)

Weigh broken, spoiled or otherwise rejected roots and document destination; never relabel as marketable reference product.

• Selected flow: Rejected cassava roots

• Flow property / unit: kg

• Amount rule: Weigh broken, spoiled or otherwise rejected roots and document destination; never relabel as marketable reference product

• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)

• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific) Raw activity or stage basis: per tonne fresh roots received.

• Normalization basis: per declared reference flow

• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)

• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)

• Collection protocol: cp_gate_lot

• Range: Physical partition QA screen; not a permitted rejection rate

  • Range role: QA guardrail (qa_guardrail)
  • Lower: 0
  • Upper: 1000
  • Unit: kg/t
  • Basis: per tonne fresh roots received; Physical partition QA screen; not a permitted rejection rate
  • Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
  • Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (reasoned_estimate)

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
single_root_output	accepted and downgraded fresh-root grades	Where both grades are sold as fresh cassava, retain their masses and values separately. Subdivide grade-specific sorting burdens first; shared upstream burdens follow the declared study allocation method.	iso-14044
stem_coproduct	intentionally marketed stems or leaves	Treat sold planting stems or leaves as separate intended outputs, not as root yield or waste. Avoid allocation through process subdivision where possible; otherwise use a documented causal physical relationship or, where none is defensible, farm-gate economic shares from contemporaneous quantity and price records. Run a sensitivity check.	iso-14044
residue_burden	discarded roots and field residues	Keep cultivation and harvest burdens with the crop system; document field return, disposal and any later recovery separately. Do not give an unverified avoided-product credit.	iso-14044
period_attribution	crop cycles crossing reporting years	Assign planting and management inputs to the identified harvest cycle once, track date and phase, and never allocate the same retained stem stock or asset burden to two cycles.

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_residual_precedence	remaining common burden with no specified primary branch	Resolve any study-specific joint-product instruction in this PCR that has no specified primary branch using this precedence; retain an already explicitly prescribed category-specific primary method. First directly assign separable output-specific activities. For the remaining common burden B, use a physical driver d_i only when measured operation or biological-service records demonstrate the causal consumption represented by that driver. A product being weighable, valuable or lower grade alone is insufficient; do not switch arbitrarily between area, time, mass and revenue. For comparable grades receiving the same common handling, measured processed mass is applicable only with the same service demand, state and moisture basis demonstrated. Share a_i=d_i/sum(d_j); B_i=Ba_i. If no defensible causal physical driver exists for that common operation, use gate- and period-matched economic shares a_i=(q_ip_i)/sum(q_j*p_j), with the complete independently intended output set, compatible quantity/price units, currency, representative prices and values before output-specific downstream processing. Missing price or denominator evidence makes the allocated result incomplete, not a zero-priced product or a single-output system. Report shares summing to one and sensitivity to a material alternative; an alternative is not an interchangeable primary result. Waste, retained residues and internal transfers receive no co-product share, while their attributable production/handling burdens remain with the producing saleable route. Retain unallocated physical quantities and mass balances separately. This branch gives no automatic substitution credit; any separately scoped substitution analysis retains the gross inventory and its actual displaced-function evidence.	ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Inventory completeness: conditional named cards are examples of individual exchanges, not an exhaustive recipe or a requirement to use those products. Before completing a foreground package, enumerate every actual planting stock, nutrient, crop-protection formulation, asset material, operating service, carrier, packaging material, waste stream and applicable elementary substance separately, using its physical identity, state, native property/unit, origin or receiving compartment, and measured or method-calculated quantity. Missing identity or quantity remains a completeness gap, never an assumed zero. Preserve the actual lot and phase basis; do not sum intermediate transfers as additional final output or duplicate burdens included in purchased services.

Retain raw site, lot, cycle and stage quantities and denominators in each collection protocol. Reconcile stocks, losses, moisture and co-product attribution first, then normalize: normalized exchange = attributable raw exchange × declared reference quantity / accepted hand-off product quantity on the same boundary and measurement basis. Apply perennial-establishment and shared-operation attribution before this normalization. Never set an internal-transfer quantity equal to the final reference quantity. Per declared reference flow means the amount, unit and product state in section 3; the data package must declare its actual route and gate.

Every range in section 6 is a source-specific example or a deliberately broad provisional QA screen. It supplies no default exchange value or universal compliance limit; measured foreground records determine amounts. When a conditional route is absent, its amount is zero and the range does not imply use.

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_field_register	field	planting and management exchanges, standing area, direct soil N2O	field register, invoices, meter logs	field_id, cycle_id, planting_date, stem_origin, planted_pieces, material_product, product_mass, water_m3, fuel_L, electricity_kWh, N_input, residue_return, area_ha	reconcile invoices, application logs and meters with field operations; record selected N2O method; Raw aggregation and attribution: sum by field-cycle, divide by accepted root kg only after lot linkage	mixed	each operation	full planting-to-lifting cycle	each field	per declared reference flow	purchase invoices, field log, meter readings, method worksheet
cp_harvest_register	harvest	lifted roots, stems, residues and root loss	harvest and sample-plot logs	field_id, cycle_id, lifting_time, lifted_root_kg, retained_stem_kg, marketed_stem_kg, residue_kg, unlifted_sample_kg, fuel_L	calibrated scale and representative loss plots; Raw aggregation and attribution: reconcile harvested and unharvested fractions; avoid stem double count	kg, L, ha	each lifting event	all harvest lots	each field/harvest	per declared reference flow	scale tickets, plot design, machine log
cp_gate_lot	gate	fresh-root grade and elapsed time	receiving, grade and dispatch tickets	lot_id, harvest_time, receipt_time, dispatch_time, received_kg, accepted_kg, downgraded_kg, rejected_kg, grade, destination, electricity_kWh	calibrated in/out scales, visible quality checks and timestamped tickets; Raw aggregation and attribution: reconcile received and all departures by lot; combine only like market classes	kg, h, kWh	each gate lot	harvest-to-dispatch	each farm gate	per declared reference flow	scale calibration, tickets, reject reason and photos
cp_phase1_environment_coverage	field	managed environmental coverage by actual node	site/activity/method ledger	site and actual managed nodes; area; dated occupation intervals; co-users; establishment/immature history; actual prior/current land classes and transformation dates/areas; carbon-method coverage; upstream land coverage	Collect original records by the actual responsible production node and matched lot/period; retain provenance, method applicability and uncertainty. Reconcile with existing protocols and provider coverage, do not add duplicate events. Explicitly document inapplicability; absent evidence is a gap.	native activity units; kg N or substance; area/time as applicable	event and annual/lot reconciliation	matched production/cohort period	all actual managed-production nodes	apply applicable coverage calculations then final normalization once	original records, method worksheets and applicability evidence

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
reference_normalization	all exchanges	Exchange per kg reference = allocated cycle/lot exchange ÷ accepted fresh-root kg; use a documented allocation share when intended co-products exist.	linked cycle, lot masses and allocation share	kg-reference-normalized exchange
gate_mass_reconciliation	gate	discrepancy = received fresh-root kg − accepted kg − downgraded kg − rejected kg; investigate unmeasured loss or scale mismatch.	gate ticket masses	mass discrepancy
cycle_period_linkage	all processes	Join operation and harvest records by field/cycle and classify each by calendar period; do not duplicate a record in combined reporting.	field_id, cycle_id, dates	one cycle inventory and period trace
soil_n2o_method	soil emission	Select documented jurisdictional or IPCC 2019 managed-soils method and recorded nitrogen inputs; disclose factor, unit and direct/indirect scope.	fertilizer N, residue N, soil and method data	kg N2O by route	ipcc-2019-soils
chemical_species_mass_accounting	elementary_nutrient_emissions	Final elementary exchanges use the mass of the identified substance and one actual receiving compartment. Keep nutrient/activity ledgers separate: species-specific N2O-N × 44/28 gives N2O, NH3-N × 17/14 gives NH3, nitrate-N × 62/14 gives nitrate, and phosphate-P × 95/31 gives phosphate. If the selected flow is elemental phosphorus instead, report kg P and convert phosphate mass by 31/95 only when that species basis is evidenced. Apply a conversion exactly once only when the method output is on the elemental basis; measured compound mass is not reconverted. Total nutrient losses cannot be assigned to a single species without a supported split, and residual/retained soil nutrient is not an emission. Keep direct/indirect pathway ledgers and avoid repeating a pathway already included in the chosen method or upstream inventory. Factor uncertainty ranges screen factors on their stated basis, not final compound amounts or admissible site emissions. Normalize the attributable compound mass once using the accepted reference quantity and the matched measured output. Unknown activity, identity or compartment remains an evidence gap and blocks a completeness claim.	cp_field_register; species-specific activity ledger, method pathway and factor basis, matched accepted output	Identity-specific exchanges and reconciled activity records

Environmental Coverage Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_managed_land_coverage	actual managed-production nodes	For each actual owned managed-production site, collect the occupied area and dated occupation intervals, including attributable establishment/immature and production periods. Occupation is area multiplied by actual duration, converted explicitly to the selected area-time unit (1 ha = 10,000 m2; time in years); hectares per crop-cycle alone are not an area-time result without duration. Partition or take the union of overlapping establishment/management intervals so the same area-time is counted once, with shares across actual co-users summing to one. Record evidenced land transformation separately by actual from/to land class, event area and date under the declared land-use method; transformation has area units and is not added to occupation. Planting, continued occupation or missing prior-land data do not establish a transformation or zero transformation. Preserve actual historical-event attribution and carbon-stock/emission method coverage where applicable; no invented land conversion or generic carbon credit. Instantiate separate compatible elementary identities with verified UUIDs or explicit unresolved identities; attribute once and normalize to the matched final reference. Purchased completed biological inputs inherit compatible upstream land coverage once instead of duplicating it locally. Missing applicable land identity, area, duration or prior-state evidence remains a completeness gap; documented no transformation is a valid absence.	cp_phase1_environment_coverage	attributed native environmental quantities per matched final reference

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
lot_identity	all root streams	Use stable field, crop-cycle and lot ids across lifting, sorting and dispatch.	linked tickets
root_condition	reference product	Report cultivar, use class, damage/rejection rules, and measured time from lifting to gate.	grade sheets and timestamps
mass_completeness	harvest and gate	Explain nonzero gate discrepancy, unlifted losses and destinations of rejected roots; quantify missing observations.	weighbridge and sampling records
temporal_completeness	crop cycle	Include establishment across reporting periods and any retained-stem transfer exactly once.	dated field register
source_compatibility	upstream flows	Record region, technology and unit compatibility of linked backgrounds; list unresolved identities.	data package metadata

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
reference_identity	reference flow	Require the verified cassava Product flow, Mass property and kg at the specified farm gate; reject chips, flour, starch and waxed roots as reference substitutes.
range_review	all flow cards	Verify each range's basis, units and evidence; treat reasoned bounds as provisional QA prompts, not hard inventory defaults.
balance_check	root streams	Match lifted and gate-received lots; reconcile accepted, downgraded, rejected and recorded discrepancy without double counting.
time_to_gate	quality	Require lifting and gate times and reject/damage criteria for each lot because fresh roots deteriorate quickly.	fao-fresh-root-handling
coproduct_check	stems and grades	Require intentional-output identity, hand-off, allocation shares and no double credit or double burden.	iso-14044
period_check	multi-period crops	Verify every planting, management, harvest and retained-stem record is assigned to one cycle and attributed once.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for whole fresh cassava roots at farm gate
downstream_use	secondary_dataset, background_dataset in process or lifecyclemodel assembly after review
allowed_use	Declared cultivar/market class, geography and crop/handling regime with compatible farm-gate boundary
excluded_use	Processed cassava, default planting stems, storage beyond measured farm-gate handling, unspecified fresh-root quality
required_metadata	crop cycle, location, cultivar, stem source, planting and harvest dates, lot grade, fresh-root use class, accepted mass and co-product method
required_quality_disclosure	metering and sampling coverage, gate mass balance, damage/reject fraction, time to gate, ranges used only for QA, source and allocation uncertainty
update_trigger	material change in cultivar, route, market class, handling time, input regime, allocation practice or source evidence

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
fao-cassava-cultivation	official_guidance	https://www.fao.org/4/x5032e/x5032e01.htm	Vegetative propagation, regional planting population and harvesting
iita-cassava-agronomy	literature	https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/e78b8dc2-da35-4306-9eeb-bae56727242a	Stem-cutting health, field management and root production
fao-fresh-root-handling	official_guidance	https://www.fao.org/4/x5415e/x5415e04.htm	Root damage and rapid physiological deterioration after harvest
fao-global-cassava-strategy	official_guidance	https://www.fao.org/4/j1255e/j1255e04.htm	Context-specific fresh-root yield examples
ipcc-2019-soils	method_factor	https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/4_Volume4/19R_V4_Ch11_Soils_N2O_CO2.pdf	Selection and disclosure of soil N2O calculation method
iso-14044	standard	ISO 14044:2006, https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html	Allocation hierarchy and study disclosure
ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011	standard	WRI/WBCSD, Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (2011), Chapter 9, https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Product-Life-Cycle-Accounting-Reporting-Standard_041613.pdf	General allocation hierarchy and comparable-gate economic basis. Applicability conditions and the explicit residual branch are this PCR's method convention; no product-specific causal coefficient, price or output quantity is prescribed by this source.