Heat-molded butyl bicycle inner tube manufacture

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers closed-ring, valve-equipped bicycle inner tubes made predominantly from non-halogenated butyl rubber (IIR), by onsite ingredient mixing, milling/straining, tube extrusion and cooling, end splicing, valve attachment, heated-mold vulcanization, individual acceptance inspection and supply preparation. A bicycle inner tube is an air-retaining component used inside a separate tyre casing. Its manufacture needs tube-wall, splice and valve-joint controls distinct from carcass, bead, cord and tread construction. Sources support this technical synthesis across independent manufacturers; they do not describe one common SKU or a universal recipe.

Complete pneumatic tyres, tubeless tyre inner liners, solid/cushion tyres, interchangeable treads, flaps, curing bladders, industrial hoses, open-ended repair tubes, latex and TPU tubes, autoclave-cured tubes, halobutyl-based tubes, reclaimed-rubber-feed routes and purchase-and-pack-only operations are excluded. No claim is made to all CPC 36114 products or to tyre service equivalence.

schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.other-transportable-goods-except-metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.rubber-and-plastics-products.heat-molded-butyl-bicycle-inner-tubes
classification_refs	CPC 3.0 36114 (narrower product subset)
covered_products	Valve-equipped heat-molded IIR bicycle inner tubes from onsite virgin-rubber compounding
excluded_products	Complete pneumatic tyres, tubeless tyre inner liners, solid/cushion tyres, interchangeable treads, flaps, curing bladders, industrial hoses, open-ended repair tubes, latex and TPU tubes, autoclave-cured tubes, halobutyl-based tubes, reclaimed-rubber-feed routes and purchase-and-pack-only operations are excluded. No claim is made to all CPC 36114 products or to tyre service equivalence.
representative_product	One declared tube size/wall and valve configuration, supplied complete
production_route	Ingredient mixing and filtration → extrusion/cooling → splicing/valving → heated-mold cure and inspection → storage/packing/loading
market_state	New, cured, accepted tube with declared valve/fittings; net product mass at net delivery

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provide the air-retaining inner component for a separately supplied bicycle tyre
How much	1 kg net accepted delivered complete inner tube
How well	Declared size/wall, valve compatibility, splice integrity and leak-test acceptance
How long or cycle	One manufacturing-to-delivery cycle; no riding-distance or service-life equivalence
reference_flow_link	delivered_tube

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Inner tubes, solid or cushion tyres, interchangeable tyre treads and tyre flaps, of rubber 362630fe-314f-443f-b191-f8bed8eec674
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	tube size and compatible tyre/rim dimensions; IIR grade and complete supplier/recipe identity; wall thickness and heat-molded route; valve type and complete supplied fittings; site geography and actual utility supply; acceptance tests and hold conditions; net delivery gate and reporting period; net mass excluding packaging and test air; WIP and finished-stock quantities with carried burdens; packaging and storage/loading scope

The native Product identity is a broad manufactured rubber-article family, production mix at plant; no geography, recipe or size is specified and its only property is Mass. This card restricts it to complete heat-molded IIR bicycle inner tubes including the declared valve/fittings. It is neither a piece-count identity nor evidence for a supplier/background dataset. Match the declared configuration and net supplied mass; do not infer density, a unit weight or a service lifetime.

The terminal reference gate is actual net accepted delivery at the manufacturing site after the declared storage, packaging and loading operations, before external outbound transport. Q is the positive net delivered mass of the same product/configuration, route, period and supplied state, excluding packaging and test air. Production release P is a separate ledger quantity. Count each physical delivery once after matched return/cancellation corrections; reinspection or reshipment does not create new production. Undelivered finished goods are excluded from Q and retain their carried burdens.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	reference product	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use net supplied complete-tube mass including declared valve/fittings and excluding packaging/test air. Preserve native Mass as the reference; counts are auxiliary QC records and cannot substitute without measured configuration-specific net mass. No universal piece weight is supplied.
delivery_basis	all inventory rows	Mass	kg	Use actual positive net delivery Q, not production release P. Preserve unnormalized raw records and stocks/burden vectors. normalize_delivery is the sole reporting division; the card and aggregation fields describe that same operation.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Separately acquired dry virgin IIR and declared actual ingredients/whole supplied formulations, valve assemblies and utilities at named site
starting_condition_role	Foreground manufacturing with linked upstream production and inbound transport
product_classification_scope	Narrow heat-molded bicycle inner-tube subset of CPC 36114
recursive_input_rule	Purchased complete inner tubes cannot replace onsite production. Returned/reworked tubes retain traced previous burdens without a recursive new-tube purchase; separately declare any true external returned product and its carried burdens.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Match each acquired physical form, recipe/supplier, geography, supply state and actual transport; generic identity alone is insufficient provider evidence
disclosure	Declare production/delivery gates, actual utility technology, raw and stock period, tests, packaging, excluded downstream transport/use/end of life and all remaining data/provider gaps

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_manufacture	all processes	Include material production through linked upstream datasets, inbound transport, all actual onsite ingredient mixing/filtration, extrusion/cooling, splicing/valving, mold curing, inspection, failures, rework, storage, packaging and loading through the declared net-delivery gate. The listed cards are a minimum for the declared route, not permission to omit an actual exchange: add each additional ingredient, supplied formulation, fuel, refrigerant, packaging component, waste or elementary species as a separate card and protocol entry. A conditional row is not_applicable only with evidence of absence; unknown is not zero.	schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008
boundary_terminal	all processes	The terminal reference gate is actual net accepted delivery at the manufacturing site after the declared storage, packaging and loading operations, before external outbound transport. Q is the positive net delivered mass of the same product/configuration, route, period and supplied state, excluding packaging and test air. Production release P is a separate ledger quantity. Count each physical delivery once after matched return/cancellation corrections; reinspection or reshipment does not create new production. Undelivered finished goods are excluded from Q and retain their carried burdens.	schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017
boundary_internal	all processes	Match compound_out/compound_in, green_out/green_in and released_tubes/released_in by batch, physical quantity and carried burdens. Cancel each internal handoff once in the consolidated dataset, including internal steam or recovered offcut loops. Opening/closing WIP and finished stock are physical stocks with burden vectors, not purchased intermediates or extra terminal outputs. Returned products retain their identity and prior burdens.
boundary_evidence	all processes	Schwalbe 2015 supports heat-molded bicycle butyl tubes, filtration, valve bonding and individual inspection. Its seven filters and 24-hour test hold are manufacturer case conditions, not universal defaults. Innovative 2017 supports the separate tube mixing-to-dispatch route; adjacent tyre-only recipe prose is excluded. EPA 2008 is a historical DRAFT generic process account, not a current legal rule or inner-tube factor source; tyre bladder/liner recipes and their factors are not adopted. No universal recipe, cure temperature/time, yield, service life or emission factor is prescribed.	schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
p_compound	Ingredient preparation, mixing and filtration	required	Actual declared route and supplied configuration	foreground manufacturing stage	per reference flow
p_form	Tube extrusion, cooling, splicing and valve fitting	required	Actual declared route and supplied configuration	foreground manufacturing stage	per reference flow
p_cure	Heated-mold curing and acceptance inspection	required	Actual declared route and supplied configuration	foreground manufacturing stage	per reference flow
p_delivery	Finished storage, packaging and net delivery	required	Actual declared route and supplied configuration	foreground manufacturing stage	per reference flow

Process: Ingredient preparation, mixing and filtration (p_compound)

Inputs

Product flows

Virgin IIR feed (iir_feed)

Record the actual separately acquired dry IIR grade, lot, net mass and supplier evidence. A butadiene/styrene route is incompatible. The polymer is acquired; its polymerization is upstream, while all onsite compounding remains inside this boundary.

• Selected flow: Isobutylene-isoprene rubber, non-halogenated
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; epa-rubber-process-2008

Separately supplied reinforcing carbon black (carbon_black)

Use only for separately acquired carbon black. Native CAS 1333-86-4, solid commercial carbon reinforcing rubber; no grade, route or geography is fixed. The native CPC 37950 graphite-family assignment is a disclosed classification defect; consistent name, CAS and comment support the physical identity, without proving supplier grade or production technology. Carbon black already inside a purchased formulation remains its constituent subledger.

• Selected flow: Carbon Black dee14a4f-c02b-4bf5-affc-9e66b1d9a8ce
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Separately supplied sulfur curative (sulfur)

Include only the actual separately acquired elemental-sulfur input to the declared cure system; retain purity and commercial form.

• Selected flow: Sulfur
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Separately supplied zinc oxide activator (zinc_oxide)

Include the separately acquired zinc oxide only when the actual recipe uses it; a dispersed supplier product is recorded as its entire supplied formulation instead.

• Selected flow: Zinc oxide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Separately supplied stearic acid (stearic_acid)

Conditional recipe row for separately purchased stearic acid; do not impose a generic phr recipe.

• Selected flow: Stearic acid
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Separately supplied MBTS accelerator (mbts)

Conditional specific accelerator row, only if the actual recipe confirms MBTS. Resolve its commercial form; do not use it as a selector for other accelerators.

• Selected flow: 2,2-dibenzothiazyl disulfide
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Separately supplied paraffinic process oil (process_oil)

Conditional actual oil input, measured as the whole commercial oil rather than its aromatic or hydrocarbon fractions.

• Selected flow: Paraffinic rubber process oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Purchased aqueous sulfur dispersion (curative_dispersion)

Conditional one supplied sulfur dispersion, not a collection of curatives. Record net supplied wet mass, supplier composition, active sulfur and carrier water as a non-additive subledger. Suppress duplicate separately purchased sulfur/water for these same constituents. Other actual commercial formulations each require their own atomic card.

• Selected flow: Aqueous sulfur dispersion
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Talc anti-tack powder (talc)

Measure actual anti-tack talc issued and its residual, captured and emitted destinations; do not count recycled dust as a new purchase.

• Selected flow: Talc
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: innovative-tube-process-2017

Metered process electricity (compound_electricity)

Native identity is CN supply, 1–35 kV alternating current, grid-average consumption mix delivered to the user, referenced by Net calorific value in MJ. Use this UUID only for that matching supply. Other geographies, voltages or dedicated supply require a matching identity before dataset delivery; retain their measured electricity rather than dropping it. Convert metered kWh to MJ once using the exact unit chain factor 3.6; this energy coefficient is not density.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Outputs

Product flows

Internal unvulcanized tube compound (compound_out)

Weigh compound transferred after all productive mixing and straining. This is an internal handoff, reconciled with compound_in and canceled in consolidation; it is not finished-tube Q.

• Selected flow: Unvulcanized butyl inner-tube compound
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Waste flows

Rejected rubber strainer residue (filter_residue)

Measure rejected strainer residue with retained rubber/filler composition and actual treatment. Returned clean uncured rubber is an internal loop, not this waste or a fresh virgin input.

• Selected flow: Rubber strainer residue
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Elementary flows

Uncaptured carbon black to air (carbon_black_air)

Measure only the uncaptured actual carbon black air emission; captured filter dust is a separate material/waste destination. Do not identify total dust as pure carbon black without composition evidence. Add talc and other actual dust species as separate cards.

• Selected flow: Carbon black particulate to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_compound
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Process: Tube extrusion, cooling, splicing and valve fitting (p_form)

Inputs

Product flows

Internal tube compound received (compound_in)

Match compound_out mass, lot and carried burdens without another upstream purchase.

• Selected flow: Unvulcanized butyl inner-tube compound
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Complete supplied bicycle tube valve (valve)

Record one complete supplied valve assembly including its actual base, core, nut and cap configuration; separately supplied fittings get separate rows. Do not add embedded metal/rubber masses as duplicate purchases. Retain supplier composition for the physical mass ledger.

• Selected flow: Bicycle inner-tube valve assembly
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Fresh cooling-water make-up (cooling_water)

Record only boundary-crossing cooling make-up and actual purge; internal recirculation is separately metered and not repurchased. Water added inside a supplied formulation is not counted here again.

• Selected flow: Fresh process water
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Metered process electricity (form_electricity)

Native identity is CN supply, 1–35 kV alternating current, grid-average consumption mix delivered to the user, referenced by Net calorific value in MJ. Use this UUID only for that matching supply. Other geographies, voltages or dedicated supply require a matching identity before dataset delivery; retain their measured electricity rather than dropping it. Convert metered kWh to MJ once using the exact unit chain factor 3.6; this energy coefficient is not density.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Outputs

Product flows

Internal spliced valved green tube (green_out)

Match size, extrusion length/wall, splice and valve lot after cooling, cutting and assembly; cancel against green_in after consolidation.

• Selected flow: Unvulcanized closed-ring butyl inner tube with valve
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Waste flows

Discarded uncured tube offcut (uncured_scrap)

Only material actually sent for treatment leaves as waste. Weigh internal returned offcuts separately with carried burdens and retain all failed extrusion/splice energy.

• Selected flow: Uncured butyl rubber offcut
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Discharged cooling-water purge (cooling_purge)

Record discharged water mass and measured pollutants separately from freshwater and evaporation. A treatment-service input is not a second mass outlet.

• Selected flow: Cooling-circuit wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_form
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Process: Heated-mold curing and acceptance inspection (p_cure)

Inputs

Product flows

Internal green tube received (green_in)

Match green_out and preserve its carried burdens; no finished-tube purchase can replace the forming/curing inventory.

• Selected flow: Unvulcanized closed-ring butyl inner tube with valve
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Purchased curing steam (steam)

Conditional externally supplied steam at its declared pressure, temperature, dryness and return-condensate convention. Use actual metered enthalpy delivery and return. For onsite steam, expand the generator with each real fuel, water, chemical and emission, and cancel internal steam; do not buy steam and count its own generator fuel again.

• Selected flow: Steam
• Flow property / unit: Energy / MJ
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Purchased aqueous silicone mold-release dispersion (release_dispersion)

Conditional one actual purchased formulation measured as supplied wet mass. Record silicone, carrier water and additives in the supplier subledger, not as additional procurement. Different actual release products need separate cards.

• Selected flow: Aqueous silicone mold-release dispersion
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Metered process electricity (cure_electricity)

Native identity is CN supply, 1–35 kV alternating current, grid-average consumption mix delivered to the user, referenced by Net calorific value in MJ. Use this UUID only for that matching supply. Other geographies, voltages or dedicated supply require a matching identity before dataset delivery; retain their measured electricity rather than dropping it. Convert metered kWh to MJ once using the exact unit chain factor 3.6; this energy coefficient is not density.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Outputs

Product flows

Quality-released tubes to finished storage (released_tubes)

This is production-release mass P, not delivery Q. The native Product identity is a broad manufactured rubber-article family, production mix at plant; no geography, recipe or size is specified and its only property is Mass. This card restricts it to complete heat-molded IIR bicycle inner tubes including the declared valve/fittings. It is neither a piece-count identity nor evidence for a supplier/background dataset. Match the declared configuration and net supplied mass; do not infer density, a unit weight or a service lifetime. Match released_in and cancel the internal handoff in consolidation; retain production testing, rejects and any destructive samples.

• Selected flow: Inner tubes, solid or cushion tyres, interchangeable tyre treads and tyre flaps, of rubber 362630fe-314f-443f-b191-f8bed8eec674
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

Exported steam condensate (condensate)

Conditional actual return/discharge of steam condensate; preserve its heat and water destination without duplicating a steam-provider return credit. Closed-loop mold water is not a purchased output.

• Selected flow: Steam condensate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

Waste flows

Scrapped cured inner tube (cured_reject)

Measure complete reject mass, including its valve if retained. Split valve recovery and remaining rubber only at the actual separation step with conserved mass; no sale credit by default.

• Selected flow: Rejected cured butyl inner tube with valve
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

Elementary flows

Measured evaporated process water (water_vapour)

Air compartment only; independently quantify moisture/steam evaporation with state and measurement evidence. No generic stoichiometric reaction-water factor is imposed for rubber crosslinking.

• Selected flow: Water vapour to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

Toluene emission if analytically present (toluene_air)

Conditional actual species-specific air emission from confirmed formulation/aid and monitoring. It is not a generic VOC remainder; add every other identified emitted species separately. Unidentified significant organics remain an explicit measurement gap, never zero or a closure fit.

• Selected flow: Toluene to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_cure
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

Process: Finished storage, packaging and net delivery (p_delivery)

Inputs

Product flows

Quality-released tubes received (released_in)

Match released_tubes and opening finished lots with their carried burdens. The native Product identity is a broad manufactured rubber-article family, production mix at plant; no geography, recipe or size is specified and its only property is Mass. This card restricts it to complete heat-molded IIR bicycle inner tubes including the declared valve/fittings. It is neither a piece-count identity nor evidence for a supplier/background dataset. Match the declared configuration and net supplied mass; do not infer density, a unit weight or a service lifetime. Do not recreate P when a returned tube passes reinspection.

• Selected flow: Inner tubes, solid or cushion tyres, interchangeable tyre treads and tyre flaps, of rubber 362630fe-314f-443f-b191-f8bed8eec674
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Corrugated shipping carton (carton)

Actual separately supplied single carton mass, composition and reuse cycles; exclude it from net tube Q. Include packaging losses and returned/replaced cartons in this ledger.

• Selected flow: Corrugated cardboard carton
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Polyethylene tube bag (pe_bag)

Conditional one actual separately supplied polyethylene bag. Do not use this card for other polymers, labels or mixed packaging.

• Selected flow: Polyethylene packaging bag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Paper product label (label)

Conditional one supplied printed paper label; include its supplied adhesive in supplier composition rather than duplicate raw input unless actually separately applied.

• Selected flow: Printed paper label
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Metered process electricity (delivery_electricity)

Native identity is CN supply, 1–35 kV alternating current, grid-average consumption mix delivered to the user, referenced by Net calorific value in MJ. Use this UUID only for that matching supply. Other geographies, voltages or dedicated supply require a matching identity before dataset delivery; retain their measured electricity rather than dropping it. Convert metered kWh to MJ once using the exact unit chain factor 3.6; this energy coefficient is not density.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery
• Sources: epa-rubber-process-2008

Outputs

Product flows

Net accepted supplied inner tube (delivered_tube)

The native Product identity is a broad manufactured rubber-article family, production mix at plant; no geography, recipe or size is specified and its only property is Mass. This card restricts it to complete heat-molded IIR bicycle inner tubes including the declared valve/fittings. It is neither a piece-count identity nor evidence for a supplier/background dataset. Match the declared configuration and net supplied mass; do not infer density, a unit weight or a service lifetime. The terminal reference gate is actual net accepted delivery at the manufacturing site after the declared storage, packaging and loading operations, before external outbound transport. Q is the positive net delivered mass of the same product/configuration, route, period and supplied state, excluding packaging and test air. Production release P is a separate ledger quantity. Count each physical delivery once after matched return/cancellation corrections; reinspection or reshipment does not create new production. Undelivered finished goods are excluded from Q and retain their carried burdens.

• Selected flow: Inner tubes, solid or cushion tyres, interchangeable tyre treads and tyre flaps, of rubber 362630fe-314f-443f-b191-f8bed8eec674
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery_gate
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

Waste flows

Discarded corrugated carton (waste_carton)

Conditional actual damaged carton waste before the terminal gate. Record destination and avoid treating delivered packaging as site waste.

• Selected flow: Waste corrugated cardboard carton
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: n_i, the single normalized exchange defined in section 8 after raw-unit conversion and stock/burden attribution.
• Value mode: foreground_record
• Specificity: site_specific
• Normalization basis: per reference flow
• Basis kind: process_output
• Evidence kind: collected_record
• Collection protocol: cp_delivery
• Sources: schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_trace	all processes	Separate sites, products, valve configurations, routes and periods first. Directly meter or trace batches before allocating shared electricity, steam, ventilation, cooling, warehouse and loading burdens using documented causal machine/occupancy records. Declare the driver, units, scope and conservation of total shared burden. Never divide shared burdens by all-tyre output while the reference cohort is inner tubes.	jrc-ilcd-2010-allocation
allocation_stock	all processes	The same-product delivery ledger carries opening WIP/finished-stock burden vectors forward and closing vectors out, with all actual failed/zero-output, return, repeat-test and rework burdens retained. No scrap/recycling substitution credit is automatic. A genuine separately delivered coproduct requires its own mass, destination and justified allocation; internal uncured-rubber reuse is not a coproduct.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_compound	p_compound	Atomic exchanges and batch operations	Foreground raw period ledger	batch IDs; recipe and supplied form; ingredient wet/dry masses; ingredient assay and water subledger; start/end meter readings; runtime; stage handoff IDs and masses; failures and zero-output runs; offcut return and rework; opening/closing WIP and finished lots; carried burden vector; wastes and species results	Owner: the named process production engineer, with metrology and quality sign-off. Preserve unnormalized complete raw-period numerators, failed/zero-output runs, return/rework increments and opening/closing carried burden vectors. Reconcile calibrated scales, recipe issue/return records, utility meters and internal handoffs. Preserve timestamps and actual units. Do not execute A_i/Q here.	kg; MJ; kWh; m3; h; species-specific kg	Each batch and meter interval	Complete declared period including start-up, shutdown and failures	Named site and same tube/configuration/route cohort	per reference flow	Calibration; recipe issue/return sheets; batch genealogy; meter boundaries; stock/burden reconciliation; signed dispositions
cp_form	p_form	Atomic exchanges and batch operations	Foreground raw period ledger	batch IDs; recipe and supplied form; ingredient wet/dry masses; ingredient assay and water subledger; start/end meter readings; runtime; stage handoff IDs and masses; failures and zero-output runs; offcut return and rework; opening/closing WIP and finished lots; carried burden vector; wastes and species results	Owner: the named process production engineer, with metrology and quality sign-off. Preserve unnormalized complete raw-period numerators, failed/zero-output runs, return/rework increments and opening/closing carried burden vectors. Reconcile calibrated scales, recipe issue/return records, utility meters and internal handoffs. Preserve timestamps and actual units. Do not execute A_i/Q here.	kg; MJ; kWh; m3; h; species-specific kg	Each batch and meter interval	Complete declared period including start-up, shutdown and failures	Named site and same tube/configuration/route cohort	per reference flow	Calibration; recipe issue/return sheets; batch genealogy; meter boundaries; stock/burden reconciliation; signed dispositions
cp_cure	p_cure	Atomic exchanges and batch operations	Foreground raw period ledger	batch IDs; recipe and supplied form; ingredient wet/dry masses; ingredient assay and water subledger; start/end meter readings; runtime; stage handoff IDs and masses; failures and zero-output runs; offcut return and rework; opening/closing WIP and finished lots; carried burden vector; wastes and species results	Owner: the named process production engineer, with metrology and quality sign-off. Preserve unnormalized complete raw-period numerators, failed/zero-output runs, return/rework increments and opening/closing carried burden vectors. Reconcile calibrated scales, recipe issue/return records, utility meters and internal handoffs. Preserve timestamps and actual units. Do not execute A_i/Q here.	kg; MJ; kWh; m3; h; species-specific kg	Each batch and meter interval	Complete declared period including start-up, shutdown and failures	Named site and same tube/configuration/route cohort	per reference flow	Calibration; recipe issue/return sheets; batch genealogy; meter boundaries; stock/burden reconciliation; signed dispositions
cp_delivery	p_delivery	Atomic exchanges and batch operations	Foreground raw period ledger	batch IDs; recipe and supplied form; ingredient wet/dry masses; ingredient assay and water subledger; start/end meter readings; runtime; stage handoff IDs and masses; failures and zero-output runs; offcut return and rework; opening/closing WIP and finished lots; carried burden vector; wastes and species results	Owner: the named process production engineer, with metrology and quality sign-off. Preserve unnormalized complete raw-period numerators, failed/zero-output runs, return/rework increments and opening/closing carried burden vectors. Reconcile calibrated scales, recipe issue/return records, utility meters and internal handoffs. Preserve timestamps and actual units. Do not execute A_i/Q here.	kg; MJ; kWh; m3; h; species-specific kg	Each batch and meter interval	Complete declared period including start-up, shutdown and failures	Named site and same tube/configuration/route cohort	per reference flow	Calibration; recipe issue/return sheets; batch genealogy; meter boundaries; stock/burden reconciliation; signed dispositions
cp_delivery_gate	p_delivery	Reference product and stock reconciliation	Net acceptance/delivery ledger	lot and configuration; net tube mass; valve/fittings included; packaging tare; dispatch/receipt IDs and times; cancellations/returns/reshipments; P; opening/closing finished-stock mass and burden vectors; unique supplied Q	Owner: dispatch custodian and quality manager. Weigh accepted supplied tubes on calibrated scales, subtract measured packaging tare and exclude test air. Reconcile net accepted deliveries and matched cancellations/returns by identity, not by assumption P=Q. Preserve raw delivery and stock records plus carried burdens; perform no input normalization.	kg	Each delivery and period close	Same complete period and cohort as production and stocks	Declared manufacturing-site net-delivery gate	per reference flow	Signed delivery/acceptance; calibrated tare/net weighing; stock genealogy; return corrections
cp_acceptance	p_cure	Mold, tube and valve acceptance	Quality and disposition record	mold and batch; actual time/temperature/pressure; wall and splice results; valve bond; air-retention test pressure/hold/temperature; pass/fail; retest; sample loss; final disposition	Owner: quality manager. Retain mold-cycle and cooling records and individual visual/leak acceptance, including failed, repeated and destructive tests. Support test conditions from the actual product specification. Record test air as an internal utility balance, not shipped product mass.	kg; actual test units	Each cycle and individual tube test	Complete matched period	Same declared bicycle tube and valve configuration	per reference flow	Test specification; equipment calibration; signed acceptance and reject trail

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
convert_raw	all inventory rows	Convert each raw quantity into its row unit once before burden attribution. Electricity MJ = measured kWh × 3.6. A rate requires its matched duration; an already integrated gas/liquid volume receives no extra time factor. A volume-to-mass conversion requires independent fluid-specific density at declared state and calibration. Formulation wet mass and assays are not additive procurement.	raw_readings; calibration; supplied_form	converted_raw
delivery_attribution	all inventory rows	For each exchange i, A_i = opening carried WIP/finished-stock burden_i + converted raw-period burden_i + traced incoming return burden_i - closing carried WIP/finished-stock burden_i - separately justified non-reference burden_i. Cancel internal transfers once. Retain all actual failed, zero-output, return, rework, storage, packing and loading increments. Use batch genealogy for stock burden vectors, not just stock mass or an assumed production/delivery ratio; do not add P and closing finished mass as two delivered outputs. The raw-period term contains only newly incurred burdens; the incoming-return term contains prior carried burdens once, excluding new reinspection/rework already recorded in raw-period increments. Reverse the matched prior delivery and restore its traced carried burdens before any redelivery; do not add both the reversal and the same return burden twice. Track actual physical stock balance separately from this burden ledger.	converted_raw; opening_burden; closing_burden; return_burden; non_reference_burden; cp_delivery_gate	A_i
normalize_delivery	all inventory rows	n_i = A_i / Q. Q is strictly positive net accepted delivered tube mass in kg after matched returns/cancellations for the same product, configuration, route, period and supplied state. This is the sole normalization operation, executed once after raw conversion and burden attribution. Amount cards and protocol aggregation refer to this same reporting operation, not subsequent divisions. If Q is zero, retain the unresolved campaign and its burdens without a normalized result.	A_i; Q; cp_delivery_gate	n_i
physical_balance	all inventory rows	Physical balance uses complete as-supplied masses and independent constituent/element ledgers, including valve/fittings, fillers, moisture, steam/condensate, wastes, measured species and opening/closing stocks. Crosslinking does not justify an invented reaction-water quantity. Determine any actual chemical water formation/consumption from a separate reaction/species evidence chain; evaporation is a separate phase transfer, not fitted reaction water.	raw_mass; composition; opening_stock; closing_stock; measured_species	mass_and_element_reconciliation	epa-rubber-process-2008

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
quality_identity	Reference and every native flow	Retain native names, route, geography, medium, all properties and exact reference-unit chain. The reference family is narrowed by configuration. Carbon-black classification debt does not authorize a different material; the CN medium-voltage electricity identity is supply-limited.	Native identity and supplier specification
quality_complete	All raw and carried burdens	Cover the full declared period, failures, WIP, finished stocks, returns and rework. Keep independent owners and calibrated evidence; disclose missing quantities, provider matches and significant species without assuming zero.	Signed stock, batch, utility and delivery reconciliation
quality_evidence	Applicability of industrial sources	Independent manufacturers establish compatible process modules, not a single plant recipe. Actual mass, recipe, energy, cure cycle and acceptance conditions require foreground measurement; document every substituted condition and temporal/geographical limitation.	schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017; epa-rubber-process-2008

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_identity	all processes	Require the exact reference Product UUID, native Mass/kg chain and terminal link delivered_tube, consistent with both language renderings. Respect all native scope limits in inventory descriptions. Reject the IIR candidate whose fixed route is butadiene/styrene; do not relabel a piece-count flow as mass or infer a density from a secondary property.
validate_inventory	all processes	Check all atomic rows and raw-period batch/meter records, actual recipe and supplied-formulation subledgers, internal handoff cancellation, stocks and burden carryover, positive net delivery Q and normalization exactly once. If Q is zero or attribution remains unresolved, retain records and do not issue a normalized dataset. Do not delete rejected campaigns to improve a ratio.
validate_mass_species	all processes	Close physical total mass and relevant elemental ledgers separately: actual whole purchased inputs plus opening stocks equal net delivered product, packaging carried out with dispatched goods, other actual external Product outlets, closing stocks, actual waste/recovery and measured releases, with internal transfers canceled. Keep a separate complete packaging physical subledger of actual receipts, exports, losses and opening/closing stocks outside Q; do not add packaging mass to Q or duplicate its procurement. Retain valve metals, fillers, cure-system constituents, supplied carrier water, condensate, moisture and air balances. Identify actual emitted species using independent analysis and time-integrated monitoring. Do not fit unknown reaction water and an unknown outlet to the same residual, assume every dust is carbon black, use COD as a species mass, or manufacture a crosslinking water factor. Investigate unexplained residuals.	epa-rubber-process-2008
validate_quality	all processes	Require individual tube acceptance tied to wall/splice/valve integrity, declared leak-test conditions and disposition of rejects, plus actual mold cure and cooling records. Count sampling/destructive inspection burdens. Manufacturer case hold time or filter count cannot be used without applicability evidence. Record missing data and test-method uncertainty explicitly; identity/schema checks do not establish scientific approval.	schwalbe-tube-tech-2015; innovative-tube-process-2017

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	foreground_dataset
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Upstream supply modelling of the declared tube configuration and net-delivery gate
excluded_use	Full tyre service comparison, all-CPC coverage, use-phase air loss, riding lifetime, or unknown configuration substitution
required_metadata	All required qualifiers; source IDs; raw period; gates; allocation drivers; exact provider and utility matches; recipe/commercial-form identities
required_quality_disclosure	Actual foreground coverage, inventory carryover, missing exchanges/species, native scope/classification debt, evidence applicability and scientific review state
update_trigger	Changed recipe, route, mold/valve configuration, utilities, measured losses, delivery gate, provider identity or source applicability

11. Data Sources

source_id	type	reference	used_for
schwalbe-tube-tech-2015	handbook	Schwalbe Technical Information Bicycle Tires, Edition 3, 2015, p.28. https://www.schwalbe.com/media/32/85/58/1694006374/Schwalbe-TechInfo-2015_GB.pdf	Butyl bicycle inner-tube identity, heat-mold route, filtration, valve bonding and individual inspection; seven-filter/24-hour conditions are manufacturer-specific, not universal.
innovative-tube-process-2017	literature	Innovative Tyres & Tubes Limited, Prospectus, September 2017, printed pp.157–158 (PDF 158–159), tube process only. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/oct-2017/1509101010348.pdf	Industrial tube mixing, filtering, extrusion/cooling, splicing/valve fitting, mold curing and inspection-to-packing route, distinct from adjacent tyre process; no transfer of tyre-only recipe or a common SKU claim.
epa-rubber-process-2008	official_guidance	US EPA AP-42, section 4.12 Manufacture of Rubber Products, November 2008 DRAFT Final, pp.4.12-1–2. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/d04s12.pdf	Historical qualitative rubber-compounding stages and additive roles only. No numerical recipe, temperature or emission factor adopted; bladder/liner cases and excluded solvent aids cannot establish an inner-tube factor; a later 2026 draft exists.
jrc-ilcd-2010-allocation	handbook	European Commission JRC, ILCD Handbook General guide Detailed guidance, first edition March 2010, section 7.9.3, PDF pp277–278 / printed pp257–258; https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/ILCD-Handbook-General-guide-for-LCA-DETAILED-GUIDANCE-12March2010-ISBN-fin-v1.0-EN.pdf	Attributional direct assignment, virtual subdivision and determining physical causality for actual shared manufacturing/storage/loading service burdens only. No product-specific recipe, quantity, yield, intensity, fixed allocation share, recycling credit or full PEF conformity; stock and normalization rules are PCR-specific consistency reasoning.