Parts of soil machinery

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers finished, separately traded original-equipment or replacement parts chiefly identifiable as being for agricultural, horticultural, or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation, including parts for lawn or sports-ground rollers. Typical covered products include ploughshares, mouldboards, coulters, harrow discs, cultivator shanks and tines, soil-working frames, and dedicated hitches or subassemblies. The finished part may be uncoated or may receive a declared protective coating.

Complete ploughs, harrows, seeders, planters, transplanters, fertilizer distributors, rollers, and other complete soil-working machines are excluded. General-purpose fasteners, bearings, tyres, hydraulic components, motors, and electrical assemblies sold independently are excluded unless the marketed product is chiefly identifiable as a dedicated CPC 44115 soil-machinery part. Parts of other agricultural machinery, generic non-electrical machinery parts n.e.c., tooling, capital equipment, use, maintenance, and end-of-life are outside this PCR.

The foreground boundary begins with delivered material, energy, water, and auxiliary inputs at the reporting facility and ends with a quality-accepted, unpackaged finished part released at the facility gate. This PCR uses three bounded representative variants: fabricated carbon-steel plate, closed-die alloy-steel forging, and cast-iron green-sand casting. The data producer shall select the actual variant, declare machining and heat-treatment steps, coating state, and any outsourced operation, and extend the inventory explicitly when a different forming or moulding system is used. The 2024 smitheries and foundries BREF supports this conditional route decomposition and the listed forging and foundry exchanges; EPA sources support conditional metal preparation and coating coverage, but none of these qualitative sources supplies product-specific inventory amounts.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.special-purpose-machinery.parts-of-soil-machinery
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 44115, Parts of soil machinery
covered_products	Finished original-equipment or replacement parts chiefly identifiable as for soil preparation or cultivation machinery or lawn/sports-ground rollers
excluded_products	Complete machines; independently traded general-purpose components; parts of other agricultural machinery; electrical or hydraulic modules not chiefly identifiable as soil-machinery parts
representative_product	A quality-accepted iron or steel soil-engaging part or dedicated subassembly manufactured to a declared drawing and material specification
production_route	Declared fabricated carbon-steel plate, closed-die alloy-steel forging, or cast-iron green-sand route; machining/heat treatment as applicable; liquid coating conditional; other variants require explicit extension
market_state	Finished, quality-accepted, unpackaged part at the manufacturing-site gate; coating state and OEM/replacement status declared

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	A finished part that provides a declared structural, soil-engaging, adjustment, transmission, or rolling function within specified soil-preparation or cultivation machinery
How much	1 kg of accepted finished part
How well	Conforms to the declared drawing, material grade, dimensions/tolerances, hardness or heat-treatment state, and coating specification where applicable
How long or cycle	One manufacturing lot released at the factory gate; no service-life equivalence is asserted
reference_flow_link	reference_product

Field	Value
Reference amount	1 kg
Reference product flow	Finished part of soil preparation or cultivation machinery
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	part designation and drawing/revision; compatible machine type/model; primary material and grade; fabricated/forged/cast route; accepted mass; dimensions or size class; heat-treatment and hardness state; coating system/state; OEM or replacement market state; manufacturing site and geography; reporting period and lot coverage

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package. No category-wide finished-product UUID is confirmed: the audited CPC 44115 candidates distinguish uncoated and coated intermediate states.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	Reference product and all mass-normalized exchanges	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Weigh accepted finished output net of fixtures, returnable transport items, and excluded packaging; normalize every exchange to 1 kg accepted finished part.
energy_conversion	Purchased electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Retain original meter or invoice energy and conversion record; when converting kWh to the Tiangong reference unit, use 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ without altering the reported grid mix or delivery boundary.
gas_volume_conditions	Natural gas and industrial oxygen	Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66	m3	Declare temperature, pressure, wet/dry basis, meter location, and any standard-volume conversion; do not combine the two gases.
water_mass_basis	Process-water inputs and aqueous wastes	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Prefer direct mass records; when volume is converted to mass, retain measured volume, temperature, density source, and calculation.
stock_change_balance	Materials, paint, and cutting fluid	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Consumption equals opening stock plus receipts minus closing stock minus documented returns; separately record internally recycled material so it is not counted as a new boundary input.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased metal stock or foundry charge, electricity, fuels, gases, water, and process auxiliaries delivered to the reporting facility, each linked to a geographically and technologically representative upstream dataset
starting_condition_role	Foreground gate input for cradle-to-gate production
product_classification_scope	Finished CPC 44115 parts chiefly identifiable as for soil preparation/cultivation machinery or lawn/sports-ground rollers
recursive_input_rule	A purchased CPC 44115 subassembly is recorded once as an input with a distinct upstream dataset; do not recursively apply this PCR to the same foreground manufacture
upstream_dataset_requirement	Supplier-specific data where available; otherwise disclose the selected regional/technology dataset, product state, recycled content, and delivery boundary
disclosure	Declare included sites, route, outsourced operations, coating state, internal recycling loops, cut-offs, allocation, accepted and rejected output, and whether packaging is outside the unpackaged reference state

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_cradle_to_gate	Product system	Include upstream production of all delivered inputs and all foreground material preparation, forming/forging/casting, heat treatment, machining, cleaning, coating when applied, inspection, direct emissions, and exported wastes through release of the unpackaged finished part. Exclude use, maintenance, distribution after the facility gate, and end-of-life unless separately modelled and disclosed.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024; un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025
boundary_route_declaration	Manufacturing route	Select only the actual fabricated, forged, or cast route and include every on-site or outsourced step needed to reach the declared product state; do not treat an unreported route as zero.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
boundary_representative_variants	Manufacturing route	The fabricated variant uses carbon-steel plate; the forging variant is closed-die alloy-steel forging with flash trimming and scale management; the casting variant is cast iron in green-sand moulds with silica sand, bentonite, and coal dust when actually present. A different alloy, open-die process, non-sand or chemically bonded mould, or non-ferrous casting requires an explicit inventory extension and shall not inherit inapplicable rows.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
boundary_outsourced_operations	Outsourced forming, heat treatment, machining, or coating	When an operation is outsourced, include its supplier-specific or representative upstream process in the incoming intermediate, mark the corresponding on-site input, waste, and emission rows not applicable with purchase-order and supplier evidence, and do not report the outsourced exchange as a zero-valued on-site flow.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
boundary_coating_condition	Pretreatment and coating	Include pretreatment, paint application, flash-off, curing, relevant capture/control, direct NMVOC, wastes, and rinse streams when liquid coating is applied; otherwise document coating as not applicable.	us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd; us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021
boundary_direct_exchanges	Foreground facility	Record direct stack and fugitive releases and each physically distinct exported waste stream; upstream electricity emissions remain in the electricity dataset and are not duplicated as foreground emissions.	us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd; us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
manufacture_uncoated_part	Material preparation, forming, heat treatment, machining, and finishing	required	Apply one bounded variant—fabricated carbon-steel plate, closed-die alloy-steel forging, or cast-iron green-sand casting—and the actual downstream operations; explicitly extend other variants	Foreground production of the uncoated part	kg accepted uncoated part transferred to coating or final release
surface_coating	Surface preparation and liquid coating	conditional	Include only when liquid paint and associated pretreatment are applied within the product system	Foreground conditioning of the part	kg accepted coated part transferred to final release
final_release	Final inspection and release	required	Accept either the uncoated route or the coated route, not both for the same product mass	Foreground quality release	1 kg accepted unpackaged finished part

Process: Material preparation, forming, heat treatment, machining, and finishing (manufacture_uncoated_part)

The declared route may combine raw-material preparation, heating, forging, casting, heat treatment, cutting, machining, and finishing. Record only route-applicable atomic exchanges. A row is not applicable only when the route sheet or outsourcing evidence demonstrates absence from the foreground site; an unmeasured applicable exchange is missing data, not zero.

Inputs

Product flows

Carbon-steel plate for fabricated route (carbon_steel_plate)

Carbon-steel plate crosses the foreground boundary as the principal metal input for a declared fabricated-plate route.

• Selected flow: Carbon steel plate
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net plate consumption, including issued plate and stock change, when the fabricated-plate route applies
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_materials

Alloy-steel bar for forging (alloy_steel_bar)

Alloy-steel bar crosses the foreground boundary as the principal forging stock for the declared forged route.

• Selected flow: Bars and rods of alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded (except bars or rods of high-speed steel or silico-manganese steel) c11c7e9a-d020-4b89-a50c-4a82c0f76943
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net alloy-steel bar consumption when the forging route applies
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Cast-iron charge for foundry route (cast_iron_charge)

External cast-iron charge crosses the boundary as the principal metal input for the declared foundry route.

• Selected flow: Cast-iron foundry charge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net external cast-iron charge entering melting, excluding documented internal returns, when the foundry route applies
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Silica sand for cast-iron green-sand moulds (foundry_silica_sand)

Purchased silica sand crosses the foreground boundary as new moulding-sand make-up only for the declared cast-iron green-sand route.

• Selected flow: silica sand 854527a0-1a8f-43af-b7c5-8c20d22e61ff
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net new silica-sand make-up, excluding documented internally reclaimed sand, when green-sand moulding is performed on site
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Bentonite binder for cast-iron green-sand moulds (foundry_bentonite)

Bentonite crosses the foreground boundary as fresh clay binder only for the declared cast-iron green-sand route.

• Selected flow: Clay, bentonite 93806a54-46f5-409c-99c5-4144a1e73b5d
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net bentonite make-up entering green-sand preparation when this binder is used on site
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Coal dust additive for cast-iron green-sand moulds (foundry_coal_dust)

Foundry-grade coal dust crosses the foreground boundary only when it is deliberately added to green sand for cast-iron moulding.

• Selected flow: Foundry coal dust additive
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured net mass of the actual coal-dust grade added to green sand; document coal rank and formulation, and mark not applicable when absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Purchased electricity (electricity_manufacturing)

Purchased electricity supplies route-applicable manufacturing equipment and shared services within the foreground boundary.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered or defensibly allocated purchased electricity for route-applicable preparation, forming, furnaces, machining, ventilation, and controls
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_energy

Natural gas for direct thermal operations (natural_gas_manufacturing)

Natural gas crosses the boundary only for directly fired manufacturing operations used by the declared route.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered natural gas combusted in route-applicable billet heating, melting, heat treatment, or drying; not applicable for fully electric routes
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_energy

Industrial oxygen for oxygen cutting (industrial_oxygen_cutting)

Industrial oxygen crosses the boundary only when the declared manufacturing route uses oxygen-fuel cutting.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered or supplier-recorded oxygen consumed only when oxygen-fuel cutting is used
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_fluids

Process water for manufacturing operations (process_water_manufacturing)

Process water crosses the boundary as net make-up for route-applicable manufacturing operations.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net make-up water crossing the facility boundary for route-applicable cooling, machining, cleaning, or quenching; exclude closed-loop recirculation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_fluids

Cutting fluid for machining (cutting_fluid)

Fresh cutting fluid crosses the boundary as machining make-up when wet machining is used.

• Selected flow: Cutting Fluid 576d250f-4f36-4385-939d-0f03b8f95a10
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net fresh cutting-fluid make-up crossing the boundary, including concentrate and premix mass as supplied, when wet machining applies
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_fluids
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Uncoated shaped and machined part (uncoated_part_output)

The accepted uncoated part leaves manufacturing and is transferred to coating or final release. The public state-100 flow has an English name and CPC 44115 classification for soil machinery, but its Chinese baseName uses “土方机械”, a term that can denote earth-moving machinery. This PCR preserves the directly read Chinese baseName in the Chinese inventory and treats the CPC classification plus English identity as controlling only for the uncoated intermediate; the bilingual wording ambiguity is disclosed and the UUID must not be generalized to earth-moving parts.

• Selected flow: Shaped and machined soil-machinery part (uncoated) d71194b3-dd43-437f-9706-b90232a59e62
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted uncoated output transferred to coating or final release
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_outputs

Waste flows

Carbon-steel offcuts and machining scrap (scrap_steel)

Separately collected carbon-steel scrap leaves the foreground manufacturing process for external recovery or treatment.

• Selected flow: Scrap steel c3fc5605-baa3-4b25-9934-ecf7fcbc72da
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Separately weighed carbon-steel offcuts, turnings, and rejected pieces exported from the fabricated route
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Alloy-steel closed-die forging flash (alloy_steel_forging_flash)

Trimmed alloy-steel flash leaves the closed-die forging operation for external recovery or treatment after documented internal return is deducted.

• Selected flow: Alloy-steel closed-die forging flash
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Separately weigh exported forging flash from the closed-die alloy-steel route; exclude flash returned internally to the same product system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forging_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Rejected low-alloy-steel forgings (rejected_alloy_steel_forgings)

Rejected low-alloy-steel forgings cross the foreground boundary as scrap only when they are not returned to internal rework or remelting.

• Selected flow: Low-alloy steel scrap afedcccd-b9f3-4941-8ba4-d3135b8abb67
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weigh quality-rejected low-alloy-steel forgings exported as scrap, by rejection reason and destination; exclude documented internal return or rework
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forging_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Forging scale (forging_scale)

Oxide scale removed from alloy-steel forging stock or forgings leaves the route as a separately collected waste stream.

• Selected flow: Mill scale aad763e2-78ab-4fcb-8a3b-8d8525c9e6ca
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Separately weigh forging-generated oxide scale exported for recovery or treatment after deducting documented internal return
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_forging_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Spent silica moulding sand (spent_foundry_sand)

Spent silica moulding sand leaves the cast-iron green-sand route after on-site reclamation and internal reuse have been deducted.

• Selected flow: Silica-sand residue 3027d52d-f24a-4e81-848a-11140a980a67
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weigh spent silica moulding sand exported for recovery or disposal; declare binder, coal, metal, moisture, and reclamation status
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Ferrous foundry furnace slag (foundry_slag)

Slag or dross skimmed from the cast-iron melting operation leaves the foreground route as a distinct waste stream.

• Selected flow: Ferrous foundry furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Separately weigh slag or dross exported from cast-iron melt preparation, identifying furnace, charge, treatment, and destination; exclude documented internal return
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Rejected cast-iron castings (rejected_ferrous_castings)

Rejected cast-iron castings cross the foreground boundary only when they are exported rather than returned to the foundry charge.

• Selected flow: Rejected cast-iron casting
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weigh rejected cast-iron castings exported for recovery or treatment, by rejection reason and destination; exclude documented internal return to melting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Cast-iron machining chips (iron_metal_chips)

Separately collected cast-iron chips leave machining for external recovery or treatment.

• Selected flow: Iron metal chips 8aa263a4-39e5-475e-966b-d967747ecc9c
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Separately weighed cast-iron chips exported from machining after deduction of documented internal return to melting
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_outputs

Spent water-miscible cutting fluid (spent_cutting_fluid)

Spent water-miscible cutting fluid leaves machining as a separately managed waste stream.

• Selected flow: Spent coolant 62b6a738-fb6a-4570-a95a-9255ec0dcb2b
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed spent cutting-fluid mixture exported for treatment or recovery; declare water content and do not combine with waste oil
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Elementary flows

Particulate matter from closed-die forging (forging_particulate_to_air)

Particle-size-unspecified particulate matter crosses the foreground boundary as a direct air emission from applicable forging heating, handling, forging, cooling, descaling, grinding, welding, or blasting operations after controls.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual direct particulate releases from the on-site closed-die forging route by source and control device; mark not applicable only when forging is outsourced or absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_route_particulate
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Particulate matter from cast-iron foundry operations (foundry_particulate_to_air)

Particle-size-unspecified particulate matter crosses the foreground boundary as a direct air emission from applicable sand handling, mould preparation, melting, pouring, shake-out, cleaning, and finishing operations after controls.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual direct particulate releases from the on-site cast-iron green-sand route by source and control device; mark not applicable only when casting is outsourced or absent
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_route_particulate
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Carbon monoxide from green-sand additives (foundry_carbon_monoxide_to_air)

Residual carbon monoxide crosses the foreground boundary as a direct air emission from pyrolysis and incomplete oxidation of coal dust or another carbonaceous green-sand additive during pouring, cooling, and shake-out.

• Selected flow: carbon monoxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-924e-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual stack and fugitive carbon monoxide after capture and control for the on-site cast-iron green-sand route; apply only when the verified sand formulation contains coal dust or another carbonaceous substitute, and do not use carbon monoxide as a quantitative surrogate for benzene, toluene, xylene, or carbon dioxide
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_additive_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Fossil carbon dioxide from green-sand additives (foundry_fossil_carbon_dioxide_to_air)

Fossil carbon dioxide from oxidation or destruction of coal dust or another fossil carbonaceous green-sand additive crosses the foreground boundary separately from fuel-combustion carbon dioxide.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual fossil CO2 attributable to the verified carbonaceous sand additive, including controlled destruction products, using source data and the additive-carbon fate balance; exclude fuel-combustion CO2, biogenic carbon, retained carbon, and carbon exported in residues
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_additive_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Benzene from green-sand additives (foundry_benzene_to_air)

Residual benzene from thermal degradation of coal dust or another applicable green-sand additive crosses the foreground boundary as a named direct air emission.

• Selected flow: Benzene
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual stack and fugitive benzene from pouring, cooling, and shake-out after capture and control; apply only when supported by the actual additive formulation and source assessment, and document absence rather than assigning zero when no benzene-forming additive is present
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_additive_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Toluene from green-sand additives (foundry_toluene_to_air)

Residual toluene from thermal degradation of coal dust or another applicable green-sand additive crosses the foreground boundary as a named direct air emission.

• Selected flow: Toluene
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual stack and fugitive toluene from pouring, cooling, and shake-out after capture and control; apply only when supported by the actual additive formulation and source assessment, and document absence rather than assigning zero when no toluene-forming additive is present
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_additive_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Xylene from green-sand additives (foundry_xylene_to_air)

Residual xylene isomers from thermal degradation of coal dust or another applicable green-sand additive cross the foreground boundary as a named direct air emission.

• Selected flow: Xylene
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measure or calculate residual stack and fugitive xylene from pouring, cooling, and shake-out after capture and control; retain the reported isomer or mixed-xylene basis, apply only when supported by the actual additive formulation and source assessment, and do not duplicate separately reported isomers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_foundry_additive_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from manufacturing fuel (fossil_co2_manufacturing)

Fossil carbon dioxide crosses the foreground boundary as a direct air emission from on-site manufacturing fuel combustion.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Direct on-site fossil CO2 from manufacturing fuel combustion, from monitored records or a documented facility calculation; exclude upstream fuel and electricity emissions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_manufacturing_emissions

Process: Surface preparation and liquid coating (surface_coating)

Include this process only for parts receiving liquid coating within the product system. Record pretreatment, application, flash-off, curing, controls, wastes, and releases for the declared line.

Inputs

Product flows

Uncoated part entering coating (uncoated_part_coating_input)

The accepted uncoated part crosses from manufacturing into the conditional coating process.

• Selected flow: Shaped and machined soil-machinery part (uncoated) d71194b3-dd43-437f-9706-b90232a59e62
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed uncoated part mass entering the coating line
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_materials

Purchased electricity for coating line (electricity_coating)

Purchased electricity supplies the conditional coating line and its associated controls.

• Selected flow: Electricity 890a70b7-b677-4e2a-8a1b-7d017e0a10ae
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered or defensibly allocated coating-line electricity for pretreatment, application, ventilation, controls, and capture
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_energy

Natural gas for coating cure oven (natural_gas_coating)

Natural gas crosses the boundary only when the coating line uses direct-fired flash-off or curing.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered natural gas combusted for coating flash-off or curing; not applicable for electric or externally supplied heat
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_energy
• Sources: us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd

Process water for pretreatment and rinsing (process_water_coating)

Process water crosses the boundary as net make-up for coating pretreatment and rinsing.

• Selected flow: Process Water 94a04f7e-2d5c-41f0-b182-d54a3b373a02
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net make-up water for the declared pretreatment and rinse stages, excluding recirculated water
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_materials

Sodium hydroxide for alkaline cleaning (sodium_hydroxide)

Sodium hydroxide crosses the boundary as active alkali in the conditional cleaning bath.

• Selected flow: Sodium hydroxide e0abcced-0611-4c24-9290-5a2c5a0c4169
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Active sodium-hydroxide mass entering alkaline cleaner, calculated from supplied solution mass and verified concentration; not applicable when absent
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_materials
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Liquid paint (paint)

Liquid paint crosses the boundary as the coating material applied to the declared product.

• Selected flow: Paint b2aa1a35-1823-4b13-96db-d5b89eda2db5
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net liquid paint consumed from issued mass, returns, recovered overspray, and stock change; record formulation, carrier, and solids content
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_materials
• Sources: us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Coated soil-machinery subassembly (coated_part_output)

The accepted coated soil-machinery subassembly leaves coating and is transferred to final release. This UUID-bearing row applies only when the coated product is a subassembly; it shall not be used for an individual ploughshare, disc, tine, or other individual part.

• Selected flow: Coated and painted subassemblies for soil machinery 1b26569c-b724-4892-9a5a-a4d8e78a6b45
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted coated subassembly output transferred to final release; not applicable to individual coated parts
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_outputs

Coated individual soil-machinery part (coated_individual_part_output)

An accepted coated individual soil-machinery part leaves coating and is transferred to final release under a UUID-empty identity distinct from the audited subassembly flow.

• Selected flow: Coated individual part for soil preparation or cultivation machinery
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted coated individual-part output transferred to final release; not applicable to subassemblies
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_outputs

Waste flows

Waste paint from liquid coating (waste_paint)

Collected liquid paint residue and unrecovered overspray leave the coating line as one separately managed waste stream.

• Selected flow: Waste paint 877e5a04-76c8-4c5b-ac4c-062f5beeb2bd
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed liquid paint residue and unrecovered overspray exported as waste; exclude separately recorded rinse wastewater and containers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Alkaline cleaning rinse wastewater (alkaline_rinse_wastewater)

The separately routed aqueous rinse stream leaves the coating line after alkaline cleaning.

• Selected flow: Alkaline cleaning rinse wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured mass of the separately routed aqueous rinse stream after alkaline cleaning, with pH and relevant contaminants declared; exclude spent concentrated bath liquor
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Spent concentrated alkaline cleaning bath (spent_alkaline_cleaning_bath)

Spent concentrated alkaline cleaning bath liquor leaves the coating line separately from dilute rinse wastewater when a bath is discharged.

• Selected flow: Waste Alkaline Liquor ce738ef0-a711-4650-a38b-34479efd7559
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weigh spent concentrated alkaline bath exported for treatment or recovery, with composition, concentration, contaminants, water content, and destination; exclude bath retained or regenerated within the product system
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_outputs
• Sources: us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021

Elementary flows

Non-methane volatile organic compounds to air (nmvoc_to_air)

Residual non-methane volatile organic compounds cross the boundary as a direct coating-related air emission.

• Selected flow: non-methane volatile organic compounds 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-a302-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured or facility-approved coating mass-balance release after capture and destruction, including application, flash-off, curing, stack, and fugitive releases; do not add separately speciated compounds
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_emissions
• Sources: us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd

Direct fossil carbon dioxide from coating fuel (fossil_co2_coating)

Fossil carbon dioxide crosses the foreground boundary as a direct air emission from coating-line fuel combustion.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Direct on-site fossil CO2 from coating-line fuel combustion, from monitored records or a documented facility calculation; exclude upstream fuel and electricity emissions
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_coating_emissions

Process: Final inspection and release (final_release)

Inputs

Product flows

Accepted uncoated part for release (uncoated_part_release_input)

The accepted uncoated part enters final release only for a product declared without coating.

• Selected flow: Shaped and machined soil-machinery part (uncoated) d71194b3-dd43-437f-9706-b90232a59e62
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted uncoated part entering final release only when coating is not applicable
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_release

Accepted coated subassembly for release (coated_part_release_input)

The accepted coated subassembly enters final release only for a subassembly following the coating route; the UUID shall not be applied to an individual coated part.

• Selected flow: Coated and painted subassemblies for soil machinery 1b26569c-b724-4892-9a5a-a4d8e78a6b45
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted coated subassembly entering final release only when coating applies to a subassembly
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_release

Accepted coated individual part for release (coated_individual_part_release_input)

The accepted coated individual part enters final release under the UUID-empty individual-part identity only when coating applies to an individual product.

• Selected flow: Coated individual part for soil preparation or cultivation machinery
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted coated individual part entering final release; not applicable to subassemblies or uncoated products
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_release

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Finished part of soil preparation or cultivation machinery (reference_product)

The quality-accepted finished part leaves the foreground system as the reference product.

• Selected flow: Finished part of soil preparation or cultivation machinery
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Accepted finished output mass normalized to exactly 1 kg; coating state and all required qualifiers declared
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_release
• Sources: un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025

Waste flows

Rejected finished soil-machinery part (rejected_finished_part)

A part rejected at final inspection crosses the foreground boundary as a distinct waste output only when it is exported rather than returned to documented internal rework.

• Selected flow: Rejected finished part of soil preparation or cultivation machinery
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weigh final-inspection rejects exported for recovery or treatment by material, coating state, rejection reason, and destination; exclude internal rework returns and link them in lot genealogy
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg accepted finished part
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_final_release

Elementary flows

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision_first	Shared production lines and utilities	Subdivide by route, line, product family, or batch and use direct meters, issue records, machine time, or causal engineering drivers before allocation.
allocation_scrap	Exported metal scrap, forging flash, scale, slag, chips, and rejected parts	Report each atomic exported output separately and disclose mass, material or alloy, contamination, revenue, destination, and any internal return. Do not subtract an avoided primary-material credit inside the foreground inventory unless the declared study method explicitly requires it.
allocation_multioutput	Unavoidable shared burdens	Use a documented physical causal relation where defensible; if none exists, use economic allocation based on a consistent reporting-period price basis and disclose sensitivity. Never allocate solely to eliminate an imbalance.
allocation_internal_recycling	Internal metal, sand, paint, water, bath, and fluid loops	Do not count internally recirculated or reworked material as both new input and waste output. Record only make-up input, inventory change, losses, exported outputs, and material crossing the product-system boundary.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_manufacturing_materials	manufacture_uncoated_part	route-specific metal inputs	weighbridge, ERP issue, purchase, and inventory records	material identity; grade; opening stock; receipts; issues; returns; closing stock; internal return	Reconcile each alloy/form separately to covered lots	kg	each receipt/issue and period close	all covered lots and reporting period	all included manufacturing sites	retain raw opening + receipts - closing - returns excluding verified internal loops, then normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	calibrated scales; supplier certificates; stock reconciliation
cp_manufacturing_energy	manufacture_uncoated_part	electricity and natural gas	meter, invoice, and allocation records	meter id; opening/closing reading; unit; fuel; temperature/pressure; shared-driver quantity	Direct submetering preferred; otherwise documented causal allocation	MJ; m3	meter interval or invoice period	full reporting period	included route equipment and shared services	retain raw route quantity and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	meter calibration; invoices; allocation worksheet
cp_manufacturing_fluids	manufacture_uncoated_part	oxygen, water, and cutting fluid	meters, cylinder delivery, chemical issue, and stock records	substance; formulation; concentration; quantity; returns; stock change; recirculation	Separate each substance and calculate only net boundary input	m3; kg	each issue/delivery and period close	all covered lots	included manufacturing operations	retain raw net input by substance and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	delivery tickets; meter checks; concentration certificate
cp_foundry_materials	manufacture_uncoated_part	silica sand, bentonite, and coal dust for cast-iron green-sand moulding	purchase, batch, sand-system, inventory, and reclamation records	material identity; grade; new make-up; internal reclaimed mass; binder/additive formulation; opening/closing stock	Reconcile each atomic moulding material separately and exclude internal reclaimed sand from new boundary input	kg	each batch and period close	all represented cast-iron green-sand lots	included on-site green-sand preparation	retain raw new make-up by material and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	supplier specifications; batch sheets; stock and reclamation reconciliation
cp_forging_outputs	manufacture_uncoated_part	forging flash, rejected low-alloy-steel forgings, and forging scale	production, trim, scale-bin, rejection, recovery, and dispatch records	output identity; mass; alloy; source step; rejection reason; internal return; destination	Weigh each output separately; distinguish exported material from internal rework or remelting	kg	each lot or dispatch	all represented closed-die forging lots	included on-site forging operations	retain raw mass by atomic flow, deduct documented internal returns, and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	calibrated scales; rejection log; recovery or waste manifest
cp_foundry_outputs	manufacture_uncoated_part	spent silica moulding sand, foundry slag or dross, and rejected cast-iron castings	sand-reclamation, furnace, rejection, scale, recovery, and dispatch records	output identity; mass; furnace; charge; binder; contaminants; moisture; internal return; destination	Weigh each output separately after deducting documented on-site sand reclamation or metal return	kg	each batch or dispatch	all represented cast-iron green-sand lots	included on-site casting operations	retain raw mass by atomic flow, deduct documented internal returns, and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	reclamation balance; furnace log; rejection log; waste or recovery manifest
cp_manufacturing_outputs	manufacture_uncoated_part	accepted uncoated part, fabricated-route scrap, cast-iron machining chips, and spent cutting fluid	production, scale, waste manifest, and recovery records	output identity; mass; alloy; rejection reason; water/oil content; internal return; destination	Weigh accepted output and each waste stream separately	kg	each lot or dispatch	all covered lots	included manufacturing operations	retain raw mass by flow identity, deduct documented internal returns, and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	calibrated scale; production release; waste manifest
cp_route_particulate	manufacture_uncoated_part	direct particulate matter from forging and foundry operations	stack and fugitive monitoring, source test, control-device, and operating records	route; source; operation; particle-size basis; measured release; capture; control efficiency; operating hours	Quantify residual releases separately for forging and foundry sources using one documented facility-approved method	kg	monitoring or reporting interval	all represented on-site forging or foundry operations	included source, capture, control, stack, and fugitive points	retain raw release by route and source and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	monitoring QA; source-test report; control logs; calculation file
cp_foundry_additive_gases	manufacture_uncoated_part	carbon monoxide, fossil carbon dioxide, benzene, toluene, and xylene from carbonaceous green-sand additives	sand-formulation, additive issue, casting campaign, stack and fugitive monitoring, capture/control, and residue-characterisation records	additive identity; coal rank or substitute; fossil and biogenic carbon fractions; batch mass; pouring/cooling/shake-out source; species and isomer basis; captured mass; destruction efficiency; retained carbon; residual release; operating hours	First document the actual sand formulation. When coal dust or a carbonaceous substitute is present, quantify each applicable named residual species separately across stack and fugitive points after control; when absent, retain formulation evidence for non-applicability. Do not infer one species from carbon monoxide or a total-organic measurement.	kg	each formulation, campaign, and monitoring/reporting interval	all represented on-site cast-iron green-sand campaigns	sand preparation, pouring, cooling, shake-out, capture, control, stacks, fugitive points, retained sand, and exported residues within the declared product system	retain raw species-specific releases and carbon-fate terms, close calc_foundry_additive_carbon_fate, then normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	supplier specification or SDS; batch sheet; source-test or monitoring QA; control logs; residue analysis; carbon-balance worksheet
cp_manufacturing_emissions	manufacture_uncoated_part	direct fossil carbon dioxide	continuous/periodic monitoring or approved facility calculation record	source; fuel quantity; carbon basis; factor/method; oxidation; measured emission; operating hours	Use monitored result or documented jurisdiction/facility method without duplicating upstream emissions	kg	monitoring/reporting interval	all covered thermal operations	included direct combustion sources	retain raw source emission and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	monitoring QA; calculation file; fuel records
cp_coating_materials	surface_coating	uncoated part, water, sodium hydroxide, and paint	batch, meter, issue, formulation, concentration, and stock records	part mass; water reading; chemical mass; solution concentration; paint issues/returns/recovery; solids	Reconcile each material through the declared coating campaign	kg	each batch/issue and period close	all coated lots	included coating line	retain raw net input by atomic flow and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	batch sheet; meter calibration; SDS/specification; stock reconciliation
cp_coating_energy	surface_coating	electricity and natural gas	line meters, invoices, and operating records	meter id; readings; unit; operating hours; temperature/pressure; shared driver	Submeter line energy or allocate with documented line operating driver	MJ; m3	meter interval	all coating campaigns	included coating line and controls	retain raw quantity by energy flow and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	calibration; invoice; allocation worksheet
cp_coating_outputs	surface_coating	coated subassembly or individual part, waste paint, alkaline rinse wastewater, and spent alkaline bath	scale, batch, bath, waste manifest, and discharge records	product form; coated mass; reject or rework mass; waste mass; water mass; bath inventory; pH; concentration; contaminants; water content; destination	Measure each output separately; reconcile bath opening, additions, retained inventory, regeneration, discharge, and internal return	kg	each batch, bath change, or dispatch	all coating campaigns	included coating line	retain raw output by atomic flow and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	release record; scale check; bath balance; waste/discharge manifest; laboratory result
cp_coating_emissions	surface_coating	NMVOC and direct fossil carbon dioxide	stack/fugitive monitoring, coating mass balance, control-device, and fuel records	paint/solvent composition; usage; captured mass; destruction efficiency; measured release; fuel; method	Apply one documented facility-approved method and avoid double counting speciated and aggregate NMVOC	kg	each campaign and reporting interval	all coating campaigns and cure operation	application, flash-off, curing, control, stack, and fugitive points	retain raw release by atomic flow and normalize once by accepted final mass from cp_final_release	monitoring QA; formulation data; control logs; calculation file
cp_final_release	final_release	uncoated, coated-subassembly, or coated-individual route input; accepted reference product; exported final reject	inspection, nonconformance, rework, lot genealogy, dispatch, and calibrated scale records	part id; drawing/revision; route; product form; coating state; input mass; accepted mass; rejected mass; internal rework return; exported reject; lot; site	Link accepted and rejected output to exactly one route, weigh net product, and distinguish internal rework from exported rejects	kg	each lot	all represented lots	all included release locations	use accepted final mass as the sole denominator for every normalized exchange; retain reject and rework masses for transfer balance	inspection release; nonconformance and rework record; scale calibration; lot genealogy; waste or recovery manifest

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory exchange	normalized quantity = covered-lot exchange quantity / covered-lot accepted finished-part mass	atomic exchange quantity; accepted mass from cp_final_release	quantity per 1 kg accepted finished part
calc_active_sodium_hydroxide	sodium_hydroxide	active NaOH mass = supplied cleaner mass × verified NaOH mass fraction	cleaner issue mass; concentration certificate or test	kg active sodium hydroxide
calc_stock_consumption	metal stock, foundry materials, paint, and cutting fluid	Choose and document exactly one accounting basis for each atomic flow. External-stock basis: new boundary input = opening externally sourced stock + external receipts - closing externally sourced stock - returns to supplier; internal circulation is outside this equation and cancels inside the product system. Gross-charge basis: new material charged = gross process charge - the internal reclaimed or recirculated charge included in that gross quantity; do not subtract the same internal quantity again through stock accounting. QA example: 10 kg external new sand plus 90 kg internally circulated sand, with unchanged stock, gives 10 kg new boundary input under either basis, never -80 kg.	stock and external transaction records; gross charge records when used; separately identified internal circulation; selected accounting basis	net boundary input by atomic flow without double subtraction
calc_route_transfer	uncoated and coated intermediates and final release	On raw lot masses, reconcile manufacturing output to coating input or uncoated release input plus route-specific exported rejects, internal rework/return, and stock change; reconcile each coated product form to its matching final-release input; reconcile final-release input to accepted reference product plus exported final reject, internal rework return, and stock change. Apply calc_reference_normalization only after these balances.	lot genealogy; intermediate masses by product form; route-specific rejects; final rejects; internal rework or return; stock change	route-transfer reconciliation before single final-mass normalization
calc_alkaline_bath_balance	spent_alkaline_cleaning_bath	Define one control volume containing the cleaning bath, connected hold tanks and any on-site regeneration unit. For each campaign: opening bath inventory + external chemical and water additions = closing bath inventory + exported spent bath + separately measured bath carryover to rinse wastewater + other measured boundary losses. Transfers to and from on-site regeneration are paired internal movements that cancel; retained or regenerated liquor appears once in closing inventory and is not subtracted again. If regeneration is outside the product-system boundary, record the outbound and return transfers explicitly rather than netting them.	opening and closing bath inventory; external chemical and water additions; paired internal-transfer records; off-site transfers if any; spent-bath dispatch; bath carryover in rinse records; measured losses	mass-conserving alkaline-bath control-volume balance by campaign
calc_foundry_additive_carbon_fate	foundry_carbon_monoxide_to_air, foundry_fossil_carbon_dioxide_to_air, foundry_benzene_to_air, foundry_toluene_to_air, and foundry_xylene_to_air	On a raw campaign basis, reconcile opening in-boundary additive carbon + external additive carbon = closing in-boundary additive carbon + carbon retained in accepted castings + carbon exported in spent sand or other separately identified residues + carbon destroyed and converted to explicitly reported products + residual direct carbon species + other measured boundary loss. Internal sand circulation and on-site capture/return transfers are paired and cancel. Report CO, fossil CO2, benzene, toluene, and xylene as separate exchanges when applicable; do not force an unclosed difference into any named emission or an unknown-emissions row.	additive formulation and fossil/biogenic carbon fractions; opening and closing sand-system carbon inventory; accepted casting and residue analyses; capture and destruction records; species-specific direct releases	closed additive-carbon fate balance and separately reported residual emissions before final-mass normalization	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
calc_energy_to_mj	electricity recorded in kWh	MJ = kWh × 3.6	original electricity record	MJ purchased electricity

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Retain drawing/revision, machine compatibility, material certificate, route, dimensions, heat-treatment/hardness, coating state, lot, and release status.	drawing; certificate; inspection and lot-genealogy records
dq_route_completeness	Process map	Demonstrate that each on-site and outsourced step required for the declared state is included or linked to an upstream process; explain every non-applicable conditional row.	route sheet; purchase orders; subcontractor records
dq_temporal_coverage	All foreground data	Cover every lot represented by the dataset over the declared reporting period; justify gaps, shutdowns, abnormal campaigns, and shorter periods.	production calendar; meter coverage; exception log
dq_mass_reconciliation	Metal, foundry sand and additives, paint, alkaline bath, fluids, products, and wastes	Reconcile opening stock, inputs, outputs, internal returns or rework, inventory change, and documented losses without using allocation to hide imbalance.	signed balance worksheet; stock, reclamation, rework, bath, and dispatch records
dq_energy_coverage	Electricity and natural gas	Match meter/invoice periods to production periods; disclose shared-load allocation and excluded loads.	meter map; invoices; allocation worksheet
dq_emission_method	Direct emissions	Identify source locations, monitoring or calculation method, aggregation, control-device treatment, and uncertainty; prevent duplicate upstream or aggregate/speciated emissions. For the green-sand variant, retain formulation evidence, distinguish absent additives, carbon retained in products/sand/residues, controlled destruction, and residual named releases, and explain any unclosed additive-carbon difference without assigning it to an umbrella flow.	monitoring QA, permits/reports, formulation and residue records, control logs, carbon-fate calculation file
dq_upstream_selection	Delivered inputs	Record supplier/product state, geography, technology, recycled content where relevant, and delivery boundary for every upstream dataset.	supplier documentation and dataset selection log

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_identity	Reference flow	Fail if any required qualifier, accepted mass, coating state, manufacturing route, site, reporting period, or lot coverage is absent.	un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025; china-mof-serbia-tariff-2024
validate_route	Process inventory	Fail if the dataset combines incompatible fabricated, closed-die-forged, or cast-iron green-sand inputs without route shares; silently assigns zero to an applicable auxiliary, residue, reject, or direct emission; or applies these bounded rows to a different route without explicit extension.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
validate_internal_loop_balance	Stock, reclamation, recirculation, and alkaline-bath balances	Fail if external-receipt and gross-charge accounting bases are mixed, if the same internal circulation is subtracted twice, if a paired on-site transfer does not cancel within the declared control volume, or if retained/regenerated bath is both included in closing inventory and deducted separately.
validate_foundry_additive_fate	Cast-iron green-sand additive releases	Fail when coal dust or a carbonaceous substitute is used but actual formulation, capture/control, retained/exported carbon, and applicable residual carbon monoxide, fossil carbon dioxide, benzene, toluene, and xylene are not assessed separately; a particulate-only, fuel-CO2-only, CO-surrogate, or umbrella unknown-emissions record is incomplete.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
validate_outsourcing	Process inventory	Fail if an outsourced operation is omitted rather than linked to an upstream process, or if its on-site rows are marked not applicable without purchase-order and supplier evidence.	eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024
validate_atomic_flows	Inventory rows	Fail if metal forms, energy carriers, process chemicals, wastes, wastewater streams, or direct emissions are combined into an umbrella exchange.	us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021
validate_transfer_balance	Intermediate product flows	Fail if raw uncoated, coated-subassembly, coated-individual, or final-release masses cannot be reconciled to the matching input, accepted output, atomic exported rejects, internal rework or return, and stock change before one normalization to accepted final mass.
validate_bath_balance	Alkaline cleaning	Fail if spent concentrated alkaline bath, retained or regenerated bath, process loss, and alkaline rinse wastewater are not separately identified and reconciled.	us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021
validate_boundary_and_double_counting	Energy and emissions	Fail if upstream electricity or fuel-chain emissions are duplicated as direct emissions, or if NMVOC is double counted with separately included species.	us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd
validate_unresolved_uuid	UUID-empty rows	Report every UUID-empty identity listed in manifest review metadata, including route-specific coal dust, forging flash, foundry slag, rejected castings, coated individual intermediates, final rejects, and the original unresolved rows; do not substitute a proxy UUID.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Product-specific cradle-to-gate foreground production dataset for a declared finished soil-machinery part
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after methodology, representativeness, and unresolved identities are reviewed
allowed_use	LCA or carbon-footprint modelling of machinery systems whose part identity, route, material, coating state, geography, technology, and time match the declared dataset
excluded_use	Complete soil machinery; generic machinery parts; service-life comparison without functional equivalence; use or end-of-life modelling; substitution for a different material/forming/coating route
required_metadata	PCR id/version; part and drawing identity; compatible machine; material/grade; route; coating; accepted mass; site/geography; reporting period; lot coverage; allocation; upstream dataset choices; unresolved UUIDs
required_quality_disclosure	meter and stock coverage; allocation drivers; route completeness; mass reconciliation; waste destinations; emission methods and uncertainty; outsourced steps; cut-offs; deviations
update_trigger	Change in drawing or material grade, primary forming route, heat treatment, coating system, site, energy supply, allocation, waste destination, emission control, or reporting-period representativeness

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-3-0-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv	Official CPC 441/4411/44115 identity and distinction from complete soil machinery
china-mof-serbia-tariff-2024	official_guidance	Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China, 2024年对塞尔维亚实施的协定税率表, row 6630 (HS 84329000), https://m.mof.gov.cn/zcfb/202406/P020240625320768010766.pdf	Professional Chinese terminology for parts of soil-preparation/cultivation machinery and rollers
eu-jrc-smitheries-foundries-bref-2024	official_guidance	European Commission JRC, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Smitheries and Foundries Industry, 2024, DOI 10.2760/4805267	Bounded closed-die forging and cast-iron green-sand route decomposition; forging flash, scale, rejects and particulate sources; silica sand, bentonite and coal-dust inputs; spent sand, slag/dross and casting rejects; additive-decomposition sources during pouring, cooling and shake-out; and the green-sand named releases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, benzene, toluene and xylene in Table 2.59
us-epa-misc-metal-coating-tsd	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products Surface Coating Operations: Technical Support Document, agricultural and construction machinery industry, pp. 8-16 and 8-18, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P1006FDO.PDF	Agricultural-machinery coating applicability and pretreatment/application/flash-off/curing emission points
us-epa-sector-aa-fabricated-metal-2021	official_guidance	U.S. EPA, Sector AA: Fabricated Metal Products Manufacturing Facilities, EPA-833-F-06-042, February 2021, Table 1, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/sector_aa_fabmetal.pdf	Qualitative counterevidence and collection cross-check for machining fluids, metal scrap, cleaning, coating wastes, and pollutants