Pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms

1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR applies to foreground data packages for solid pig iron or spiegeleisen supplied at the producing steelworks gate as pigs, blocks, or another primary form. It covers the blast-furnace ironmaking route, casting or equivalent solidification, blast-furnace gas cleaning, and the on-site treatment of slag and gas-scrubbing water when those operations occur within the reporting facility.

Pig iron is distinguished from steel and other ferro-alloys by its iron-carbon composition and non-malleable state. Spiegeleisen is the high-manganese member of this boundary. The dataset shall declare which product is made, its chemistry or grade, physical form, blast-furnace route, production site and geography, reporting period, and whether gas, slag, and wastewater treatment are on-site. Alternative smelting-reduction routes require a separately reviewed route-specific process map before using this PCR.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.basic-metals.pig-iron-and-spiegeleisen-in-pigs-blocks-or-other-primary-forms
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 41111 (exact classification context; acceptance mapping is governed separately)
covered_products	Solid pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks, or other primary forms, produced by the blast-furnace route
excluded_products	Direct-reduced iron and sponge iron; granules and powders of iron or steel; ferro-alloys other than spiegeleisen; crude or semi-finished steel; molten transfer iron at the reporting gate; downstream cast articles
representative_product	Solid pig iron at the producing steelworks gate
production_route	Blast-furnace burden preparation, hot-blast ironmaking, tapping, gas cleaning, and casting or equivalent solidification; on-site slag and wastewater treatment where applicable
market_state	Unpackaged solid primary form at the producing steelworks gate, ready for transfer or sale for downstream metal production

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Provision of declared solid pig iron or spiegeleisen in a primary form for downstream metal production
How much	1,000 kg net product mass
How well	Product identity, chemistry or grade, and physical form meet the declared sale or internal-transfer specification and the pig-iron or spiegeleisen boundary
How long or cycle	One completed production lot or reporting-period production quantity normalized to 1,000 kg at the steelworks gate
reference_flow_link	cast_primary_form_product

Field	Value
Reference amount	1,000 kg
Reference product flow	Pig iron or spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks, or other primary forms
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	product_kind: pig_iron or spiegeleisen; chemistry_or_grade; carbon_mass_fraction; manganese_mass_fraction; physical_form; blast_furnace_route; production_site; geography; reporting_period; product_temperature_state: solid; allocation_method; gas_treatment_route; slag_destination; wastewater_treatment_route

When constructing a foreground data package, the items listed in Required qualifiers must be declared in dataset metadata, process notes, reference flow comment, product description, or an equivalent data package field. Missing required qualifiers make the reference flow definition incomplete for that data package.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
measurement_reference_mass	Reference product and mass-normalized inventory	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use net solid product mass at the steelworks gate. Exclude packaging, transport equipment, and unshipped internal returns.
measurement_material_mass	Solid and liquid material exchanges	Mass	kg	Record gross receipts, closing and opening stocks, internal returns, and measured outputs so net consumption or production can be calculated without double counting.
measurement_gas_volume	Natural gas and blast-furnace gas	Volume	Nm3	State the temperature and pressure reference used for normal volume; convert all reported gas volumes to one declared reference condition before normalization.
measurement_electricity	Purchased and on-site alternating-current electricity crossing a process boundary	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Record metered net electricity by process in kWh and convert to the TianGong flow reference property at exactly 3.6 MJ/kWh; do not combine electricity with fuel or recovered gas energy.
measurement_water	Makeup, cooling, granulation, scrubbing, and discharged water	Volume	m3	Record boundary withdrawals and discharges separately from internal recirculation; disclose estimation when no dedicated meter exists.
measurement_emissions	Direct air and water elementary flows	Mass	kg	Derive mass from validated continuous monitoring, representative sampling with flow measurement, or a documented mass-balance calculation; retain raw concentration, flow, duration, and operating-state records.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased or transferred iron-bearing burden, manganese ore when producing spiegeleisen, reductants, fluxes, oxygen, electricity, water, refractory consumables, and fuels arrive at the blast-furnace foreground boundary
starting_condition_role	Foreground gate at receipt into blast-furnace ironmaking; upstream production and inbound transport remain linked upstream datasets
product_classification_scope	Pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks, or other primary forms; CPC 3.0 code 41111 is classification context only
recursive_input_rule	A same-category pig-iron or spiegeleisen input shall be recorded as an upstream product input with its own dataset and shall not be recursively expanded inside this foreground package
upstream_dataset_requirement	Use geographically and technologically representative upstream datasets for every purchased material, fuel, electricity supply, water supply, and external waste-treatment service
disclosure	Declare product kind and chemistry, route, site and geography, reporting period, burden composition, fuel injection, gas-cleaning route, slag destination, water-loop configuration, allocation method, and any excluded on-site operation

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_foreground_chain	Blast-furnace product system	Include blast-furnace ironmaking, hot-blast generation attributable to the furnace, tapping, casting or solidification, and required on-site gas, slag, and water-treatment operations through solid product at the steelworks gate.	eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
boundary_upstream_links	Purchased inputs and services	Represent production and inbound transport of purchased burden, reductants, fluxes, utilities, consumables, and external treatment as linked upstream datasets rather than as untracked cut-offs.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
boundary_downstream_exclusion	Activities after the reporting gate	Exclude basic-oxygen or electric-arc steelmaking, downstream casting into finished articles, product fabrication, use, and end of life. Capital goods and extraordinary accidents are outside the default boundary and shall be disclosed if material to the study goal.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
boundary_recursive_input	Same-category input	Stop recursive expansion at an incoming pig-iron or spiegeleisen product dataset and disclose its amount and dataset identity.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
blast_furnace_ironmaking	Blast-furnace ironmaking and cast house	required	Always for the covered route	Foreground reduction, melting, hot-blast operation, tapping, and separation of hot metal and slag	kg molten iron tapped
pig_casting_and_cooling	Pig casting and cooling	required	Always to reach the declared solid primary form	Foreground solidification and product finishing	kg accepted solid primary-form product
blast_furnace_gas_cleaning	Blast-furnace gas cleaning and recovery	required	Always; wet-scrubbing rows apply only when wet cleaning is used	Foreground gas cleaning and recovered-gas production	Nm3 raw top gas treated
blast_furnace_slag_processing	Blast-furnace slag processing	conditional	Include when molten slag is granulated, air-cooled, conditioned, or disposed of on-site	Foreground co-product preparation or waste handling	kg molten slag received
gas_scrubbing_wastewater_treatment	Gas-scrubbing wastewater treatment	conditional	Include when wet gas cleaning produces wastewater treated on-site	Foreground water treatment and discharge	m3 wastewater treated

Process: Blast-furnace ironmaking and cast house (blast_furnace_ironmaking)

Inputs

Product flows

Lump iron ore burden (bf_lump_iron_ore)

Record lump iron ore charged to the furnace when it is used.

• Selected flow: Lump iron ore
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Iron ore sinter burden (bf_iron_ore_sinter)

Record iron ore sinter charged to the furnace when it is used.

• Selected flow: Iron ore sinter
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Iron ore pellet burden (bf_iron_ore_pellets)

Record iron ore pellets charged to the furnace when they are used.

• Selected flow: Iron ore pellets
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Manganese ore for spiegeleisen (bf_manganese_ore)

Record manganese ore only for a declared spiegeleisen campaign in which it crosses the furnace boundary.

• Selected flow: Manganese ore
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged for the spiegeleisen campaign
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid spiegeleisen product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-cn-2020-chapter-72

Metallurgical coke reductant (bf_metallurgical_coke)

Record metallurgical coke charged as reductant and structural burden.

• Selected flow: Metallurgical coke
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Pulverized coal injection (bf_pulverized_coal)

Record pulverized coal injected at the tuyeres when this fuel-substitution route operates.

• Selected flow: Pulverized coal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered or weighed mass injected during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Natural gas injection or stove fuel (bf_natural_gas)

Record natural gas crossing the furnace or hot-stove boundary when used.

• Selected flow: natural gas in the gaseous state 4f19ca0e-7b3b-11dd-ad8b-0800200c9a66
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Nm3
• Amount rule: Metered normal volume at the declared reference condition
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Heavy fuel oil injection (bf_heavy_fuel_oil)

Record heavy fuel oil injected at the tuyeres when used.

• Selected flow: Heavy fuel oil
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Metered mass consumed during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Limestone flux (bf_limestone)

Record limestone charged to control slag chemistry when used.

• Selected flow: Limestone
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Dolomite flux (bf_dolomite)

Record dolomite charged to control slag chemistry when used.

• Selected flow: Dolomite
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Olivine flux (bf_olivine)

Record olivine charged to control slag chemistry when used.

• Selected flow: Olivine
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass charged during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Oxygen enrichment (bf_oxygen)

Record oxygen supplied for blast enrichment or injection when used.

• Selected flow: Industrial oxygen bd4b0f96-2090-4806-a648-335ab20ff401
• Flow property / unit: Volume 93a60a56-a3c8-22da-a746-0800200c9a66 / Nm3
• Amount rule: Metered oxygen normal volume supplied during the reporting period
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Blast-furnace electricity (bf_electricity)

Record net electricity consumed by burden handling, furnace auxiliaries, cast-house equipment, and attributable hot-blast systems.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered net electricity consumed by the process, converted from kWh to MJ at exactly 3.6 MJ/kWh
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_electricity
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Blast-furnace makeup water (bf_makeup_water)

Record fresh makeup water entering furnace cooling and cast-house water systems; do not count internal recirculation as a new input.

• Selected flow: Process water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered boundary withdrawal less documented return to the supplier
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_water
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Alumina-carbon refractory lining (bf_alumina_carbon_refractory)

Record the net consumption of alumina-carbon refractory lining attributable to the furnace and cast house.

• Selected flow: Alumina-carbon refractory
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Installed mass minus recovered reusable stock, apportioned over product output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Blast-furnace taphole clay (bf_taphole_clay)

Record heat-resistant clay injected to close the taphole.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace taphole clay
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured issued mass less returned unused material
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Molten pig iron or spiegeleisen (bf_molten_pig_iron)

Record hot metal tapped and transferred to primary-form casting as an internal product flow.

• Selected flow: Molten pig iron or spiegeleisen
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or mass-balanced hot-metal output transferred to casting
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Raw blast-furnace top gas (bf_raw_top_gas)

Record untreated top gas transferred to gas cleaning as an internal product flow.

• Selected flow: Raw blast-furnace top gas
• Flow property / unit: Volume / Nm3
• Amount rule: Metered normal volume transferred to gas cleaning
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Molten blast-furnace slag (bf_molten_slag)

Record molten slag separated from hot metal and transferred to treatment, sale preparation, or disposal.

• Selected flow: Molten blast-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or mass-balanced slag output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_outputs
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Waste flows

Cast-house collected dust (bf_cast_house_dust)

Record dust captured from tapping and runner operations as one collected waste stream.

• Selected flow: Cast-house collected dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass removed from collection equipment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_wastes
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Elementary flows

Carbon dioxide to air (bf_carbon_dioxide_air)

Record direct carbon dioxide released by the furnace and attributable hot-blast combustion.

• Selected flow: carbon dioxide (fossil) 08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-923d-0050c2490048
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Validated monitored or carbon-balance mass emitted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Carbon monoxide to air (bf_carbon_monoxide_air)

Record direct carbon monoxide released through stacks and measured process vents.

• Selected flow: Carbon monoxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated concentration-flow-time mass emitted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Sulfur dioxide to air (bf_sulfur_dioxide_air)

Record direct sulfur dioxide released through furnace, stove, and cast-house exhausts.

• Selected flow: Sulfur dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated concentration-flow-time mass emitted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Nitrogen monoxide to air (bf_nitrogen_monoxide_air)

Record nitrogen monoxide separately when speciation is measured or calculated.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen monoxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated speciated concentration-flow-time mass emitted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Nitrogen dioxide to air (bf_nitrogen_dioxide_air)

Record nitrogen dioxide separately when speciation is measured or calculated.

• Selected flow: Nitrogen dioxide to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated speciated concentration-flow-time mass emitted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Particulate matter not greater than 10 micrometres to air (bf_pm10_air)

Record direct PM10 mass after abatement and from quantified fugitive capture points.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, ≤10 µm, to air
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated concentration-flow-time mass emitted
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_bf_air_emissions
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Process: Pig casting and cooling (pig_casting_and_cooling)

Inputs

Product flows

Molten pig iron or spiegeleisen to casting (cast_molten_pig_iron)

Record the internal hot-metal input received from the cast house.

• Selected flow: Molten pig iron or spiegeleisen
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or mass-balanced hot metal received by casting
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_cast_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Pig-casting electricity (cast_electricity)

Record net electricity consumed by casting, conveying, and product handling.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered net electricity consumed by the process, converted from kWh to MJ at exactly 3.6 MJ/kWh
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cast_electricity
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Pig-casting cooling water (cast_cooling_water)

Record fresh makeup water entering the casting and cooling system; do not count recirculated water as a new input.

• Selected flow: Cooling water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered boundary makeup volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cast_water
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Accepted solid primary-form product (cast_primary_form_product)

Record accepted pig iron or spiegeleisen after solidification and final quality release.

• Selected flow: Pig iron or spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks, or other primary forms
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed accepted product released at the steelworks gate
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cast_product_output
• Sources: un-cpc-v3-structure-2025; eu-cn-2020-chapter-72

Waste flows

Rejected pig-casting pieces (cast_rejects)

Record solid casting pieces rejected from the declared product output before any internal remelting or external dispatch.

• Selected flow: Rejected pig-iron or spiegeleisen casting pieces
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed rejected mass leaving the accepted-product stream
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Product-specific (product_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_cast_materials
• Sources: worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Elementary flows

Process: Blast-furnace gas cleaning and recovery (blast_furnace_gas_cleaning)

Inputs

Product flows

Raw top gas to cleaning (gas_cleaning_raw_top_gas)

Record untreated blast-furnace top gas entering the cleaning train.

• Selected flow: Raw blast-furnace top gas
• Flow property / unit: Volume / Nm3
• Amount rule: Metered normal volume entering gas cleaning
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Gas-cleaning electricity (gas_cleaning_electricity)

Record net electricity consumed by dust catchers, scrubbers, precipitators, pumps, and fans.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered net electricity consumed by gas cleaning, converted from kWh to MJ at exactly 3.6 MJ/kWh
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_electricity
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Gas-scrubbing water (gas_cleaning_scrubbing_water)

Record fresh makeup water only when wet gas cleaning is used.

• Selected flow: Gas-scrubbing water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered boundary makeup volume to wet scrubbers
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_water
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Cleaned blast-furnace gas (gas_cleaning_clean_gas)

Record cleaned gas transferred for internal fuel use, export, flaring, or another declared destination.

• Selected flow: Cleaned blast-furnace gas
• Flow property / unit: Volume / Nm3
• Amount rule: Metered normal volume leaving gas cleaning, disaggregated by destination
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_gases
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Waste flows

Coarse blast-furnace gas-cleaning dust (gas_cleaning_coarse_dust)

Record coarse dust removed by dry pre-cleaning as one collected waste stream.

• Selected flow: Coarse blast-furnace gas-cleaning dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net measured mass removed from dry pre-cleaning equipment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_wastes
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Blast-furnace gas-cleaning sludge (gas_cleaning_sludge)

Record sludge removed from wet gas cleaning when that route is used.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace gas-cleaning sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Net wet or dry mass removed, with solids basis declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_wastes
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Blast-furnace gas-scrubbing wastewater (gas_cleaning_wastewater)

Record wastewater transferred from wet gas cleaning to on-site or external treatment.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace gas-scrubbing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered wastewater volume leaving the gas-cleaning water loop
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_gas_cleaning_water
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Elementary flows

Process: Blast-furnace slag processing (blast_furnace_slag_processing)

Inputs

Product flows

Molten slag to processing (slag_processing_molten_slag)

Record molten blast-furnace slag entering the on-site processing route.

• Selected flow: Molten blast-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed or mass-balanced slag received by processing
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_slag_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Slag-granulation water (slag_processing_granulation_water)

Record fresh makeup water only when wet slag granulation operates.

• Selected flow: Slag-granulation water
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered boundary makeup volume to granulation
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_slag_water
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Slag-processing electricity (slag_processing_electricity)

Record net electricity consumed by granulation, dewatering, crushing, screening, and conveying performed on-site.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered net electricity consumed by slag processing, converted from kWh to MJ at exactly 3.6 MJ/kWh
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_slag_electricity
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Granulated blast-furnace slag (slag_granulated_product)

Record granulated slag dispatched as a saleable co-product when the granulation route operates and product criteria are met.

• Selected flow: Granulated blast-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed dry-equivalent saleable output
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_slag_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Air-cooled blast-furnace slag (slag_air_cooled_product)

Record air-cooled slag dispatched as a saleable co-product when that route operates and product criteria are met.

• Selected flow: Air-cooled blast-furnace slag
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed saleable output
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_slag_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Waste flows

Blast-furnace slag sent to disposal (slag_disposal_waste)

Record slag leaving as waste when it does not meet a co-product specification and is sent to a declared disposal route.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace slag for disposal
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Weighed mass dispatched to disposal
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_slag_materials
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Elementary flows

Process: Gas-scrubbing wastewater treatment (gas_scrubbing_wastewater_treatment)

Inputs

Product flows

Wastewater-treatment electricity (wastewater_treatment_electricity)

Record net electricity consumed by pumps, mixing, separation, and sludge handling.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Metered net electricity consumed by wastewater treatment, converted from kWh to MJ at exactly 3.6 MJ/kWh
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_electricity
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Waste flows

Gas-scrubbing wastewater feed (wastewater_scrubber_feed)

Record blast-furnace gas-scrubbing wastewater entering on-site treatment.

• Selected flow: Blast-furnace gas-scrubbing wastewater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered wastewater volume entering treatment
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_feed
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Elementary flows

Outputs

Product flows

Waste flows

Gas-scrubbing wastewater-treatment sludge (wastewater_treatment_sludge)

Record dewatered sludge leaving on-site wastewater treatment, with solids basis and destination declared.

• Selected flow: Gas-scrubbing wastewater-treatment sludge
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Measured wet or dry mass removed, with solids basis declared
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Technology-specific (technology_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_sludge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Elementary flows

Water discharged to freshwater (wastewater_water_freshwater)

Record the treated water volume discharged to a freshwater receiving compartment.

• Selected flow: Water to freshwater
• Flow property / unit: Volume / m3
• Amount rule: Metered treated-effluent discharge volume
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_discharge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Suspended solids to freshwater (wastewater_suspended_solids)

Record measured suspended-solids mass in the treated discharge.

• Selected flow: Suspended solids to freshwater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated concentration multiplied by discharge volume
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_discharge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Iron to freshwater (wastewater_iron)

Record measured total iron mass in the treated discharge.

• Selected flow: Iron to freshwater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated total-iron concentration multiplied by discharge volume
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_discharge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Lead to freshwater (wastewater_lead)

Record measured total lead mass in the treated discharge.

• Selected flow: Lead to freshwater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated total-lead concentration multiplied by discharge volume
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_discharge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Zinc to freshwater (wastewater_zinc)

Record measured total zinc mass in the treated discharge.

• Selected flow: Zinc to freshwater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated total-zinc concentration multiplied by discharge volume
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_discharge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

Easily released cyanide to freshwater (wastewater_free_cyanide)

Record measured easily released cyanide mass in the treated discharge.

• Selected flow: Easily released cyanide to freshwater
• Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
• Amount rule: Validated easily released cyanide concentration multiplied by discharge volume
• Value mode: Calculated value (calculated_value)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1,000 kg accepted solid primary-form product
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (calculated_from_collection)
• Collection protocol: cp_wastewater_discharge
• Sources: eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_avoid_subdivision	Separately metered process chains	First avoid allocation by keeping ironmaking, casting, gas cleaning, slag processing, and wastewater treatment as separately measured unit processes.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_system_expansion	Saleable blast-furnace gas and slag	Use system expansion for net exported gas or slag only when the displaced function, quality, market destination, and substitution ratio are documented. Report credits separately and test sensitivity when material.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_internal_recovery	Internally reused gas, dust, sludge, slag, and rejected metal	Model internal recovery as an internal product or waste transfer; do not count it as both an external output and a new external input.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_energy_partition	Electricity, steam, hot water, compressed air, and blast-air services	Partition shared energy services by metered delivered energy or another documented physical relationship; do not use mass allocation for energy services.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
allocation_fallback	Study rules that prohibit system expansion	Use a documented physical relationship consistent with the co-product function; disclose the departure, factors, and sensitivity. Economic allocation is permitted only when no defensible physical relationship exists and prices, period, and geography are reported.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_bf_materials	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Burden, reductant, flux, oxygen, refractory, and taphole consumables	Weighbridge, feeder, stock, invoice, and issue records	opening_stock; receipts; transfers_in; closing_stock; transfers_out; measured_feed; product_grade	Reconcile stock movement and calibrated feeder or weighbridge totals	kg	Per shift or batch; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	All blast furnaces included in the dataset	Net consumption = opening + receipts + transfers in - closing - transfers out; reconcile with measured feed	Calibration records, stock reconciliation, material certificates, and variance investigation
cp_bf_gases	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Natural gas and raw top gas	Gas meters and composition analyses	normal_volume; temperature; pressure; moisture; lower_heating_value; destination	Calibrated flow metering at declared reference conditions	Nm3	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	All included furnaces and hot stoves	Sum valid interval volumes; gap-fill only by documented adjacent-period method	Meter calibration, data-availability report, and gas analysis
cp_bf_electricity	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Process electricity	Revenue or submeter data	imported_kWh; exported_kWh; meter_id; allocation_key	Calibrated metering and documented partition of shared loads	kWh	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included furnace, cast house, and attributable hot-blast equipment	Net import minus export; shared load by delivered service	Meter calibration and reconciliation to site electricity balance
cp_bf_water	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Makeup water	Water meters and water-balance records	withdrawal_m3; supplier_return_m3; recycled_m3; meter_id	Boundary metering with recirculation recorded separately	m3	Continuous or daily; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included furnace and cast-house water systems	Boundary withdrawal minus supplier return; exclude internal recirculation	Meter calibration and closed water-balance review
cp_bf_outputs	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Molten iron and molten slag	Ladle weights, level/volume records, and production logs	tap_id; molten_iron_kg; slag_kg; transfer_destination	Direct weighing where available; otherwise validated vessel-volume and density balance	kg	Every tap	Same reporting period as product output	Every tap supplying the declared product	Sum valid taps by product campaign and destination	Scale calibration, tap reconciliation, and mass-balance closure
cp_bf_wastes	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Cast-house dust	Waste container weights and destination records	container_id; gross_mass; tare_mass; moisture; destination	Weigh each shipment or container; report dry basis when used	kg	Each removal	Same reporting period as product output	All included cast-house collection systems	Sum net mass by destination; keep internal recovery separate	Scale records, waste manifests, and moisture tests
cp_bf_air_emissions	blast_furnace_ironmaking	Direct air elementary flows	Continuous monitors, stack tests, gas flow, operating logs, and carbon balance	concentration; flow_rate; duration; oxygen_reference; operating_state; fuel_carbon	Validated monitoring or representative sampling with measured flow; carbon balance for CO2 where justified	kg	Continuous or permit-compliant campaign	Representative of normal and abnormal operation in the reporting period	All material stacks and quantified capture points	Convert concentration and flow to mass by interval; aggregate valid intervals and disclose gaps	Calibration, laboratory QA/QC, detection limits, coverage, and uncertainty
cp_cast_materials	pig_casting_and_cooling	Molten input and rejected pieces	Ladle weights and casting production logs	molten_input_kg; reject_kg; return_destination; product_kind	Reconcile molten input, accepted product, rejects, and returns	kg	Every cast or batch	Same reporting period as product output	All casting lines producing the declared product	Sum by product campaign; do not double-count returned rejects	Scale calibration and casting mass-balance closure
cp_cast_electricity	pig_casting_and_cooling	Casting electricity	Submeter data	imported_kWh; exported_kWh; meter_id	Calibrated submetering	kWh	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included casting and product-handling equipment	Net metered consumption	Meter calibration and site-balance reconciliation
cp_cast_water	pig_casting_and_cooling	Cooling-water makeup	Water meters	makeup_m3; recycled_m3; blowdown_m3	Boundary metering with recirculation separate	m3	Continuous or daily; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included casting water loop	Sum makeup only; reconcile with blowdown and losses	Meter calibration and water-balance closure
cp_cast_product_output	pig_casting_and_cooling	Accepted reference product	Calibrated product scales and quality-release records	product_mass_kg; product_kind; grade; chemistry; physical_form; release_status	Weigh accepted released product and link laboratory certificate	kg	Every lot	Same reporting period as all inventory rows	All accepted output represented by the dataset	Sum accepted lots only; normalize inventory to 1,000 kg	Scale calibration, lot traceability, and chemistry certificate
cp_gas_cleaning_gases	blast_furnace_gas_cleaning	Raw and cleaned blast-furnace gas	Gas meters, composition, and destination logs	raw_Nm3; clean_Nm3; temperature; pressure; lower_heating_value; destination	Calibrated inlet and outlet gas metering at common reference conditions	Nm3	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Complete gas-cleaning train for included furnaces	Reconcile raw, clean, vented, and flared volumes	Meter calibration, gas analysis, and volume-balance closure
cp_gas_cleaning_electricity	blast_furnace_gas_cleaning	Gas-cleaning electricity	Submeter data	imported_kWh; exported_kWh; meter_id	Calibrated submetering	kWh	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included cleaning train	Net metered consumption	Meter calibration and site-balance reconciliation
cp_gas_cleaning_water	blast_furnace_gas_cleaning	Scrubbing-water makeup and wastewater	Water meters	makeup_m3; recycled_m3; wastewater_m3; solids	Calibrated inlet and outlet metering	m3	Continuous or daily; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Wet cleaning train only	Reconcile makeup, recirculation, evaporation, sludge water, and wastewater	Meter calibration and water-balance closure
cp_gas_cleaning_wastes	blast_furnace_gas_cleaning	Coarse dust and sludge	Container weights, moisture tests, and destination records	gross_mass; tare_mass; moisture; solids; destination	Weigh each removal and declare wet or dry basis	kg	Each removal	Same reporting period as product output	Included dry and wet cleaning stages	Sum net mass by material and destination	Scale records, moisture tests, and waste manifests
cp_slag_materials	blast_furnace_slag_processing	Molten slag, products, and disposal slag	Ladle weights, belt scales, product dispatch, and waste manifests	input_kg; granulated_kg; air_cooled_kg; disposal_kg; moisture; destination	Reconcile processing input and all outputs by route	kg	Every batch or dispatch	Same reporting period as product output	All on-site slag routes	Sum by route and destination on a consistent moisture basis	Scale calibration, dispatch records, specification tests, and mass-balance closure
cp_slag_water	blast_furnace_slag_processing	Granulation-water makeup	Water meters	makeup_m3; recycled_m3; blowdown_m3	Boundary metering with recirculation separate	m3	Continuous or daily; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Wet granulation route only	Sum makeup only and reconcile the loop	Meter calibration and water-balance closure
cp_slag_electricity	blast_furnace_slag_processing	Slag-processing electricity	Submeter data	imported_kWh; exported_kWh; meter_id	Calibrated submetering	kWh	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included slag-processing equipment	Net metered consumption	Meter calibration and site-balance reconciliation
cp_wastewater_feed	gas_scrubbing_wastewater_treatment	Scrubber wastewater feed	Inlet meter and sampling	inflow_m3; suspended_solids; iron; lead; zinc; cyanide	Calibrated flow meter and representative composite sampling	m3	Continuous flow; sampling per control plan	Same reporting period as product output	On-site treatment of included scrubber water	Sum valid inflow intervals and retain concentration records	Meter calibration, chain of custody, laboratory QA/QC, and detection limits
cp_wastewater_electricity	gas_scrubbing_wastewater_treatment	Treatment electricity	Submeter data	imported_kWh; exported_kWh; meter_id	Calibrated submetering	kWh	Continuous; aggregate monthly	Same reporting period as product output	Included treatment equipment	Net metered consumption	Meter calibration and site-balance reconciliation
cp_wastewater_sludge	gas_scrubbing_wastewater_treatment	Treatment sludge	Container weights, solids tests, and manifests	gross_mass; tare_mass; solids_fraction; destination	Weigh each removal and declare wet or dry basis	kg	Each removal	Same reporting period as product output	Included treatment system	Sum net mass by destination	Scale records, solids tests, and waste manifests
cp_wastewater_discharge	gas_scrubbing_wastewater_treatment	Water and pollutant discharge	Effluent meter and laboratory analyses	discharge_m3; suspended_solids; total_iron; total_lead; total_zinc; easily_released_cyanide	Calibrated flow meter with qualified grab or composite sampling	m3 and kg	Continuous flow; sampling per control plan	Representative of the reporting period	Every included discharge point	Water volume from meter; pollutant mass = concentration × matched discharge volume	Meter calibration, chain of custody, laboratory QA/QC, detection limits, and data coverage

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_reference_normalization	Every inventory row	normalized amount = reporting-period row amount / accepted solid product mass × 1,000 kg	row amount; accepted product mass	amount per 1,000 kg reference product
calc_stock_consumption	Stocked materials	net consumption = opening stock + receipts + transfers in - closing stock - transfers out	stock and movement records	net material input
calc_gas_reference_condition	Gas volumes	Convert measured volume to the declared normal condition using recorded absolute pressure and temperature; apply one consistent moisture basis.	measured volume; pressure; temperature; moisture basis	Nm3 gas
calc_emission_mass	Monitored air and water emissions	emitted mass = sum of matched concentration × flow × duration intervals, with unit conversion and detection-limit treatment documented	concentration; flow; interval duration	kg emitted substance	eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013
calc_coproduct_balance	Gas and slag	Reconcile generated amount with internal use, sale, external transfer, flare or disposal; only net external co-product output enters system expansion.	generated; internal use; sale; transfer; flare; disposal	destination-resolved co-product quantities	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
dq_product_identity	Reference product	Link every accepted lot to product kind, chemistry or grade, carbon and manganese mass fractions, physical form, and release status.	Laboratory certificate and lot-release record
dq_temporal_alignment	All foreground rows	Use the same reporting period as accepted product output; explain shutdowns, relines, abnormal operation, and data gaps.	Reporting calendar, operating log, and coverage report
dq_technology_geography	Dataset scope	Declare furnace, hot-stove, fuel-injection, gas-cleaning, casting, slag, and wastewater technologies and the production geography.	Process description and site boundary diagram
dq_meter_quality	Metered material, energy, gas, and water	Use calibrated meters or scales; record calibration status and quantify any estimated share.	Calibration certificates and estimation log
dq_mass_balance	Ironmaking, casting, gas cleaning, slag, and wastewater	Close mass or volume balances at process level and investigate material unexplained residuals.	Signed balance worksheets and variance investigation
dq_emission_quality	Direct emissions	Report method, detection limits, sampling representativeness, data coverage, oxygen and moisture references, and uncertainty.	Monitoring QA/QC and laboratory reports
dq_upstream_representativeness	Linked upstream datasets	Prefer suppliers and electricity, fuel, ore, coke, flux, water, and treatment datasets representative of the source geography and technology; disclose generic substitutes.	Supplier identity and dataset-selection record
dq_uuid_status	Reference and inventory flows	Keep TianGong UUID cells empty until hybrid discovery and a public state-code-100 direct read confirm semantic identity, property, unit group, state, geography, technology, and comment.	UUID audit record in review workflow

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validation_reference_product	Reference flow	Fail completeness when product kind, chemistry or grade, carbon and manganese mass fractions, physical form, blast-furnace route, solid gate state, site, geography, or reporting period is missing.	un-cpc-v3-structure-2025; eu-cn-2020-chapter-72
validation_process_coverage	Process map	Require ironmaking, casting, and gas cleaning. Require slag and wastewater treatment when the declared site operates those processes inside the boundary.	eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013; worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_mass_balance	Process inventory	Require accepted product, hot metal, slag, gas, wastes, and internal returns to reconcile with measured inputs within a disclosed site threshold; unresolved residuals require correction or explanation.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_utility_separation	Energy and water	Reject combined utility rows. Electricity, each fuel, each water stream, and recovered blast-furnace gas shall remain separate and use the declared measurement basis.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_coproducts	Gas and slag handling	Require destination-resolved quantities and allocation or system-expansion documentation; prohibit crediting internally reused output as an external avoided product.	worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017
validation_emissions	Direct air and water emissions	Require substance-specific rows, receiving compartment, monitored or calculated method, reporting-period coverage, and traceable raw concentration and flow records.	eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013
validation_uuid_and_ranges	Publication readiness	Unresolved exact flow UUIDs and unresolved independent range evidence shall remain explicit. They do not block candidate authoring but must be reviewed before publication claims that depend on them.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground production dataset for one declared pig-iron or spiegeleisen product, route, site, geography, and reporting period
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset after review and publication
allowed_use	Cradle-to-gate or gate-to-gate modelling of downstream iron and steel products when product chemistry, route, geography, allocation, and boundary are compatible
excluded_use	Direct representation of DRI, sponge iron, ferro-alloys other than spiegeleisen, crude or semi-finished steel, downstream cast articles, alternative ironmaking routes without an extension, or comparative assertions without compatible functional context
required_metadata	Product kind; grade and chemistry; carbon and manganese mass fractions; physical form; site; geography; reporting period; furnace and hot-stove technology; burden and injection route; gas, slag, and water routes; allocation method; upstream dataset identities; reference product UUID status
required_quality_disclosure	Primary-data coverage; meter calibration; estimation share; mass-balance closure; emission monitoring coverage and uncertainty; co-product destinations and substitution assumptions; generic upstream substitutions; unresolved UUIDs and range evidence
update_trigger	Material change in product chemistry or form, furnace or injection route, burden mix, energy supply, gas cleaning, casting, slag or water treatment, co-product destination, allocation method, site geography, or reporting-period representativeness

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc-v3-structure-2025	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, CPC Version 3.0 Structure, 30 June 2025, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Structure_30Jun2025.csv (retrieved 2026-09-02)	CPC 41111 classification identity and English title
un-cpc-v11-chinese-2004	official_guidance	United Nations Statistics Division, Central Product Classification Version 1.1, Chinese edition, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesM/M_77ver1_1c.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Professional Chinese category terminology
eu-cn-2020-chapter-72	standard	European Commission, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1577, Combined Nomenclature Chapter 72 notes, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R1577 (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Chemical distinction between pig iron, spiegeleisen, ferro-alloys, and steel
eu-jrc-iron-steel-bref-2013	official_guidance	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Best Available Techniques Reference Document for Iron and Steel Production, EUR 25521 EN, 2013, doi:10.2791/97469, https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/IS_Adopted_03_2012.pdf (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Blast-furnace process decomposition, inputs, outputs, gas cleaning, slag handling, water treatment, and monitoring
worldsteel-lci-methodology-2017	method_factor	World Steel Association, Life Cycle Inventory Methodology Report, 2017, https://worldsteel.org/media/publications/lci-report-2017-pdf/?do_download_id=7f96813a-3756-4842-8dbc-38ce201f2914 (retrieved 2026-09-02)	Declared unit, steelworks boundary, data collection, geographic and technology disclosure, and co-product system expansion