Dry-carded thermobonded polyester wadding

1. Scope and Applicability

This method applies to high-loft polyester cushioning wadding made from externally supplied virgin PET staple and identified PET-core/copolyester-sheath low-melt binder fibre, by dry opening, blending, carding, cross-lapping and electric hot-air thermal bonding, followed by cooling, inspection, slitting and roll/sheet packing. Representative use is an unmade-up furniture or bedding cushioning layer, before assembly into the consumer article.

CPC 27991 is broader than this method. Flock not exceeding 5 mm, textile dust as merchandise, mill neps, cotton or wool wadding, medical wadding, resin-bonded, needle-punched, wetlaid, airlaid, recycled-fibre and fuel-heated routes are not covered. Supply specifications must establish wadding identity; a fabric classified as nonwoven or felt must use the appropriate method even if machinery is similar. No whole-leaf coverage is claimed. Sources: un-cpc3-notes-2025, gulf-wadding-route; parishudh-wadding-routes.

2. Product Category Identity

Field	Value
canonical_pcr_id	pcr.food-products-beverages-and-tobacco-textiles-apparel-and-leather-products.textile-articles-other-than-apparel.dry-carded-thermobonded-polyester-wadding
classification_refs	CPC 3.0: 27991; narrow semantic subset; no accepted mapping
covered_products	Unmade-up virgin PET/copolyester thermobonded cushioning wadding rolls and sheets
excluded_products	Flock, dust merchandise, mill neps, medical wadding, nonwovens, felt, quilted or laminated articles, loose stuffing and all routes excluded in section 1
representative_product	Unfaced high-loft cushioning wadding roll of declared mass composition and measured dimensions
production_route	Purchased finished staple → dry opening/blending → carding/cross-lapping → electric hot-air bonding → cooling → slitting/release/packing
market_state	Accepted net wadding mass at declared conditioning state at factory gate; packaging separate

3. Reference Flow

Field	Value
What	Supply of cushioning wadding meeting the declared purchaser specification
How much	1 kg net accepted wadding
How well	Declared composition, loft/thickness at stated pressure, basis weight, width, bonding integrity and agreed quality acceptance; no assumed insulation value or compliance approval
How long or cycle	One factory-gate production lot; no service-life or equal cushioning service claimed
reference_flow_link	finished_wadding

Field	Value
Reference amount	1
Reference product flow	Thermobonded polyester wadding
Reference flow property	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66
Reference unit group	Units of mass 93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66
Reference unit	kg
Required qualifiers	Wadding identity; PET/binder core and sheath composition and mass fractions; virgin content; received fibre processing and finish; cut length; fineness; crimp; cross-section; electrical heating route; basis weight; width; thickness and test pressure; conditioning/moisture; bonding acceptance; packing configuration and tare; geography; actual supply voltage; line; reporting period

The reference product name matches the finished output row. A missing product UUID does not waive physical identity or quality records. Mass is a manufacturing comparison basis, not proof of equal thermal or cushioning function.

4. Measurement and Unit Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Required property	Required unit	Rule
reference_mass	finished_wadding	Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66	kg	Use calibrated net accepted wadding mass, excluding all packaging, core and rejects; inventory basis is per 1 kg reference flow.
mass_state	pet_staple; binder_fibre; captured_fibre; particulate_air; ldpe_film; paper_core; finished_wadding; wadding_trim	Mass	kg	Record incoming, conditioned and dry mass states; reconcile moisture by measured tests before balancing. Do not treat water loss as PET loss.
energy_property	prepare_electricity; bond_electricity; finish_electricity	Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66	MJ	Preserve the public reference property and energy unit group; measured kWh multiplied by 3.6 gives MJ. Never change the identity to Mass.
roll_mass	finished_wadding	Mass	kg	Weigh net roll mass with actual core/wrap tare. If an area record is used, measure matching basis weight and use area in m2 × basis weight in g/m2 / 1000 to obtain kg; document width/length and sampling. No default GSM or roll weight.

5. System Boundary

Boundary Abstraction

Field	Value
declared_starting_condition	Purchased cut, crimped, supplier-finished virgin PET staple and specified low-melt bicomponent staple received at the conversion site
starting_condition_role	Upstream products; foreground starts at receipt, not polymer or fibre synthesis
product_classification_scope	Cushioning wadding subset of CPC 27991; supplier and classification evidence required
recursive_input_rule	Purchased already-bonded wadding is outside this full formation route. A subsequent converting dataset links that input once and models incremental operations only. Internal web transfers remain linked within this site.
upstream_dataset_requirement	Link actual fibre, binder, electricity and packaging supply datasets with composition, origin and geography matching; disclose proxies
disclosure	Gate, line, fibre treatment, oven heat source, stock/rework, auxiliary meters, emissions, waste destination, packaging, allocation and omissions

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
boundary_foreground	all processes	Include receipt, handling, dry opening/blending, carding/cross-lapping, electric bonding, cooling, quality release, slitting, winding, packing and attributable dust-control utilities through factory gate. This is gate-to-gate manufacture; link upstream inventories before any cradle-to-gate claim.	gulf-wadding-route; parishudh-wadding-routes
boundary_exclusions	upstream and downstream	Exclude petroleum extraction, PET/copolyester manufacture, fibre extrusion/drawing/cutting, agriculture, downstream upholstery/quilting, distribution, use and disposal. Disclose equipment/infrastructure exclusions. Fibre origin and incoming finish remain upstream qualifiers.	un-cpc3-notes-2025
boundary_actual_auxiliaries	all processes	Wet washing, dyeing and resin application are outside this route. No process water, wastewater or combustion emission is presumed. Record real humidification, cooling makeup, lubrication and housekeeping exchanges if attributable, each as a specific atomic row with collection evidence; distinguish supplied water, resource extraction and wastewater. Missing data are not zero.

6. Process Inventory Structure

Process Map

process_id	process_name	inclusion	inclusion_condition	role	quantitative_reference
prepare	Opening, blending, carding and cross-lapping	required	Declared dry carded route	Linked foreground stage	per 1 kg reference flow
bond	Electric hot-air bonding and cooling	required	Declared low-melt binder route	Linked foreground stage	per 1 kg reference flow
finish	Inspection, slitting, winding and packing	required	Accepted wadding release; calender smoothing only if present	Linked foreground stage	per 1 kg reference flow

These are stages of one connected site inventory. Track the unbonded web and bonded batt by lot and measured transfer mass between stages; reconcile both ends and internal rework without a second external input or duplicate upstream burden. Retain individual operations and meters, rather than averaging unknown routes.

Process: Opening, blending, carding and cross-lapping (prepare)

Record each fibre feed independently; blend and open before carding and layering. Suction and compressor electricity belong to the actual supply boundary.

Inputs

Product flows

Polyester short fiber (pet_staple)

Only virgin PET textile staple supplied already cut, crimped and finished; exclude binder fibre from this row. Record length, fineness, crimp, cross-section, supplier finish and incoming moisture; this identity does not cover recycled fibre.

• Selected flow: Polyester short fiber 03377e13-45a0-4774-9cc8-37c8c60523f2
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_material. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material
• Sources:

PET-core copolyester-sheath low-melt bicomponent staple fibre (binder_fibre)

Required for this declared route. Verify the actual core/sheath polymers, mass ratio, cut length and supplier finish; measure recipe by net weighed issues and returns, not a default binder percentage. Other binder polymers require a separate scope assessment.

• Selected flow: PET-core copolyester-sheath low-melt bicomponent staple fibre
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_material. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_material
• Sources: gulf-wadding-route; parishudh-wadding-routes

Alternating current (prepare_electricity)

Apply this UUID only to CN grid-average consumption delivered to the user below 1 kV. Meter bale opening, blending, feeding, carding, cross-lapping, suction and attributable compressed-air production separately; reconcile shared meters. For another geography or voltage resolve another identity before use.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 50657322-939c-4829-a87b-47c093bfa6a7
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_energy. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy
• Sources:

Outputs

Waste flows

Captured PET and copolyester fibre dust (captured_fibre)

Conditional on collected dust exported for treatment. Weigh the captured fibre blend net of container tare and record composition, contamination and destination. Material recirculated internally is an internal transfer, not an exported waste or an avoided product.

• Selected flow: Captured PET and copolyester fibre dust
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_waste. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste
• Sources:

Elementary flows

Particulate matter, particle size unspecified (particulate_air)

Conditional on measured actual particulate release to air with unspecified subcompartment and no measured size fraction. This is released mass after control, not captured fibre, water suspended solids or a default emission. When size or subcompartment is known, split and resolve the matching identities; do not also report the same mass as unspecified PM.

• Selected flow: Particulate matter, particle size unspecified 0ce3dedb-caca-407b-a856-a90470eb8ec0
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_air. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_air
• Sources:

Process: Electric hot-air bonding and cooling (bond)

Record oven heating and airflow, cooling and web transfer. The source supports thermal activation, not a mandatory temperature, dwell time or fuel choice.

Inputs

Product flows

Alternating current (bond_electricity)

Only CN user-side grid-average supply below 1 kV. Separately meter electric hot-air heating, fans and cooling; retain real oven settings, residence time, throughput, starts and idle periods. This PCR covers electric heating only; fuel-fired or purchased-heat ovens need another route inventory.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 50657322-939c-4829-a87b-47c093bfa6a7
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_energy. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy
• Sources:

Outputs

Process: Inspection, slitting, winding and packing (finish)

Record measured dimensions, thickness test pressure and accepted lots. Include smoothing only when physically performed; retain every reject and packaging component.

Inputs

Product flows

Alternating current (finish_electricity)

Only CN grid-average user supply below 1 kV. Meter slitting, winding, compression, inspection equipment and wrapping; include actual optional smoothing/calender drives without assigning a universal pressure or energy.

• Selected flow: Alternating current 50657322-939c-4829-a87b-47c093bfa6a7
• Flow property / unit: Net calorific value 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66 / MJ
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_energy. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_energy
• Sources:

Low-density polyethylene foil (PE-LD) (ldpe_film)

Conditional on actual LDPE protective roll wrap. Use issued net film mass less unused returns; exclude it from reference product net mass. Other films, labels, straps and pallets each need their own atomic rows if present.

• Selected flow: Low-density polyethylene foil (PE-LD) 2cecd3a7-d90e-44b4-aec5-1d9dfb907477
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_packaging. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging
• Sources:

Paperboard winding core (paper_core)

Conditional on a supplied winding core. Weigh actual cores, record composition and actual reuse/return history; do not assume a lifetime or transfer the roll gross weight into product mass.

• Selected flow: Cardboard tube or Paper core 78bf7f6e-519e-4b3d-82f0-eda15b2fee61
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_packaging. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_packaging
• Sources:

Outputs

Product flows

Thermobonded polyester wadding (finished_wadding)

Accepted unmade-up cushioning wadding roll or sheet, with no facing, quilting, lamination, resin impregnation or added wet finish. Net mass excludes packaging and rejected output. Disclose composition, basis weight, width, thickness under stated pressure and acceptance specification.

• Selected flow: Thermobonded polyester wadding
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: 1 kg
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Reference flow (reference_flow)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_output
• Sources:

Waste flows

PET and copolyester wadding edge trim (wadding_trim)

Conditional on edge trim or rejected wadding exported off site. Keep bonded trim separate from captured loose dust. Measure composition and treatment destination; internal returns are tracked once in the mass ledger. Sold downgraded wadding is a separate product, not automatically waste.

• Selected flow: PET and copolyester wadding edge trim
• Flow property / unit: Mass 93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66 / kg
• Amount rule: Measured attributable exchange amount divided by matched accepted net wadding kg; use cp_waste. Preserve the stated numerator unit.
• Value mode: Foreground record (foreground_record)
• Specificity: Site-specific (site_specific)
• Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
• Basis kind: Process output (process_output)
• Evidence kind: Collected record (collected_record)
• Collection protocol: cp_waste
• Sources:

7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
allocation_subdivision	all processes	First subdivide lots and meters. Shared electricity, suction and compressor services use measured stage runtime/load or delivered service demonstrably related to consumption, reconciled to plant totals. If that relation cannot be measured, document another physical basis and sensitivity; do not invent a universal factor. Foreground protocol cp_energy owns the evidence.
allocation_rework	material ledger	Track internal trim return and rework once; do not award an avoided-virgin-fibre credit. Record exported wastes with destination. If saleable downgraded wadding is produced, separately measure its net mass/specification and directly assign separable operations; unresolved joint burdens require a documented physical relation or justified economic alternative with actual price/quantity records and sensitivity.

8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

Data Collection Protocols

protocol_id	process_id	flow_role	record_type	raw_fields	collection_method	unit	frequency	temporal_coverage	site_scope	aggregation_rule	quality_evidence
cp_material	prepare	pet_staple; binder_fibre	lot weighing and stock ledger	lot; issued kg; returned kg; opening/closing stock; fibre polymer; virgin status; finish; moisture; length; fineness; crimp; core/sheath ratio	Calibrated scale and supplier specification; measure each feed separately and reconcile inventory change.	kg	each lot/meter interval or representative emission test	Actual declared reporting period including starts, idle time and rejects	Declared connected wadding line and allocated site auxiliaries	per 1 kg reference flow	Calibration; source ledger; lot identity; reconciliation; uncertainty and detection limit where applicable
cp_energy	prepare; bond; finish	electricity	submeters and operating logs	stage; meter; start/end kWh; location; voltage; runtime; load; oven heating/fan kWh; compressor allocation; downtime	Read calibrated stage meters; attribute shared services with real measured driver and reconcile totals; multiply kWh by 3.6 for MJ.	MJ	each lot/meter interval or representative emission test	Actual declared reporting period including starts, idle time and rejects	Declared connected wadding line and allocated site auxiliaries	per 1 kg reference flow	Calibration; source ledger; lot identity; reconciliation; uncertainty and detection limit where applicable
cp_output	finish	finished_wadding	net weighing and quality release	lot; gross kg; actual core/wrap tare kg; net accepted kg; rejected kg; moisture; GSM; width; length; thickness; pressure; bond integrity; composition	Weigh accepted net wadding with calibrated scale and actual packaging tare; retain matched conditioning, lot tests and purchaser acceptance.	kg	each lot/meter interval or representative emission test	Actual declared reporting period including starts, idle time and rejects	Declared connected wadding line and allocated site auxiliaries	per 1 kg reference flow	Calibration; source ledger; lot identity; reconciliation; uncertainty and detection limit where applicable
cp_waste	prepare; finish	captured_fibre; wadding_trim	segregated weighing and destination record	stage; stream; gross kg; tare kg; dry/conditioned basis; composition; contamination; internal return; exported kg; destination	Weigh each segregated stream; reconcile internal transfers separately from exported residuals; retain treatment acceptance records.	kg	each lot/meter interval or representative emission test	Actual declared reporting period including starts, idle time and rejects	Declared connected wadding line and allocated site auxiliaries	per 1 kg reference flow	Calibration; source ledger; lot identity; reconciliation; uncertainty and detection limit where applicable
cp_air	prepare	particulate_air	conditional release monitoring	source; controls; concentration; exhaust volume; duration; particle fraction; air subcompartment; detection limit; captured kg	Measure released particulate concentration and matched dry/normalised exhaust volume; multiply consistently to obtain kg. Include representative operations and fugitive release assessment. Do not substitute captured dust or set unmeasured release to zero.	kg	each lot/meter interval or representative emission test	Actual declared reporting period including starts, idle time and rejects	Declared connected wadding line and allocated site auxiliaries	per 1 kg reference flow	Calibration; source ledger; lot identity; reconciliation; uncertainty and detection limit where applicable
cp_packaging	finish	ldpe_film; paper_core	component issues, returns and tare	component; composition; count; weighed net kg; unused returns; actual reuse/return; losses; shipped configuration	Weigh each actual packaging component separately and reconcile net issue and documented reuse. Count records require measured component mass; no assumed lifetime.	kg	each lot/meter interval or representative emission test	Actual declared reporting period including starts, idle time and rejects	Declared connected wadding line and allocated site auxiliaries	per 1 kg reference flow	Calibration; source ledger; lot identity; reconciliation; uncertainty and detection limit where applicable

Calculation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Formula or rule	Inputs	Output	source_ids
calc_normalize	all inventory rows	Divide each matched-period attributable net exchange by accepted net wadding kg from cp_output, preserving the numerator unit. The finished output is 1 kg.	net exchange; accepted net kg; cp_output	exchange unit per 1 kg reference flow
calc_balance	material ledger	Compare external fibre/binder input plus stock decrease with accepted product, each exported residual, actual emissions and stock increase on a consistent moisture basis; report and investigate residual, not an assumed loss factor. Internal transfers cancel.	cp_material; cp_output; cp_waste; cp_air; stock	mass balance and residual
calc_electricity	prepare_electricity; bond_electricity; finish_electricity	Convert measured attributable kWh to MJ by multiplication by 3.6 before normalization; reconcile stages and avoid counting common suction twice.	cp_energy	MJ per 1 kg reference flow
calc_air_release	particulate_air	Obtain released kg from consistent measured concentration and exhaust volume for the matched period, accounting for operating duration; disclose extrapolation and detection limits. Then normalize with cp_output.	cp_air; cp_output	kg per 1 kg reference flow

Data Quality Requirements

requirement_id	Applies to	Requirement	Evidence
quality_identity	all rows	Verify polymer, physical state, supplied finish, mass basis and exact selected flow conditions; preserve official localized names. Blank UUID is an identity gap, never a missing exchange.	Supplier certificates and flow identity documents
quality_representative	all processes	Use actual period, product specification, line, oven type and yields; report coverage of all runs, rejects and downtime and uncertainty. No default recipe, temperature, energy, waste factor or health approval.	Production ledger; calibration; actual operating logs
quality_completeness	site boundary	Screen every real auxiliary, packaging component and release; add specific rows if applicable. Disclose omissions and LCIA coverage, especially unspecified particulate; no missing-data zero.	Site survey and balance/coverage checklist

9. Validation Rules

rule_id	Applies to	Rule	source_ids
validate_scope	reference product	Require documented wadding rather than felt/nonwoven/medical/converted article identity, declared virgin and binder composition, electric heat route and every reference qualifier. Reject application to unreviewed routes.	un-cpc3-notes-2025
validate_measurement	all inventory rows	Require matched denominator, measured net mass, linked collection protocols, actual tare, energy-property preservation and explicit conversions; check all stage totals and balance residual. Missing measurements are inconclusive.
validate_release	waste and elementary rows	Verify flow type, actual presence, recipient medium, subcompartment, particle size and destination. Captured dust is waste; air release is elementary. Do not borrow water, soil or combustion identities for fibre emissions or equate unspecified PM to PM2.5.
validate_claims	dataset use	Declare identity gaps, omitted operations, measurement coverage and upstream-link limitations. A candidate dataset or structural check establishes neither scientific approval nor publication nor complete cradle-to-gate coverage.

10. Published Dataset Profile

Field	Value
dataset_role	Foreground gate-to-gate wadding conversion dataset
downstream_use	secondary_dataset; background_dataset
allowed_use	Declared wadding supply to bedding or furniture assembly after applicability and quality review
excluded_use	Full CPC coverage; fibre-production replacement; medical or health compliance; thermal-service equivalence; unlinked cradle-to-gate claim
required_metadata	All reference qualifiers; gate; period; line; supplier origin; electrical voltage/location; recipe; moisture; acceptance; allocation; stock and rework; packaging; waste destination
required_quality_disclosure	Measured coverage, calibration, sampling uncertainty, mass/energy reconciliation, missing identities, proxies, exclusions, elementary characterization gaps and upstream links
update_trigger	Change in polymer blend, virgin status, binder, incoming finish, heating source, line, quality specification or supplier/geography; refresh real measurements

11. Data Sources

Source id	Type	Reference	Used for
un-cpc3-notes-2025	official_guidance	UNSD, CPC Ver. 3.0 Explanatory Notes, 30 June 2025, printed/PDF p.129, 27991; https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf	HS 56.01 classification boundary and medical exclusion; not production parameters
gulf-wadding-route	handbook	Gulf Fiber, Products, Thermal-Bonded Polyester Wadding, “The route to WAD”; https://www.gulffiber.co/products	Manufacturer route example: carding, low-melt binder, hot-air bonding, cooling and converting. No performance, compliance or numerical parameters adopted; electric source is this PCR scope, not a source claim.
parishudh-wadding-routes	handbook	Parishudh Fibres, Polywadding & Polyfill; https://parishudhfibres.com/products/polywadding-polyfill/	Independent manufacturer distinction of thermal low-melt, chemical and mechanical bonding. No binder percentages or certification claims adopted.