---
pcr_id: pcr.other-transportable-goods-except-metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.pulp-paper-and-paper-products-printed-matter-and-related-articles.coldset-web-offset-newspapers
language: en-US
sync_with: pcr.zh-CN.md
status: candidate
content_maturity: authored_methodology
---

# Coldset wet-web-offset newspapers

## 1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers conventional wet-web-offset coldset printing of folded, unbound newspapers on absorbent uncoated newsprint, from separately supplied prepared plates and newsprint reels through make-ready, CMYK press operation, dampening and cleaning, cutting/folding, quality acceptance and actual bundling. Coldset sets by absorption/oxidation; heatset evaporates ink oils in a dryer; UV curing uses different reactive ink and radiation equipment. Absence of a dryer/UV unit is verified from actual plant configuration and operating records, never inferred from a daily-newspaper label. Waterless printing, heatset/hybrid webs, UV/EB inks/coatings, publication gravure, flexography, digital printing, bound journals, glued/stapled products and separately manufactured inserts are outside this authored route. [jrc-sts-2020, defra-sg6-2011, epa-litho-ctg-2006]

Concrete route evidence is ColdsetInnovation Fulda’s technical sheet (rotary offset coldset, process colours) and its operator offering of both daily and weekly newspapers. These support route and frequency reuse, not a generic recipe or a measured factory inventory. The manufacturer’s Naumann Commander CL case supports reelstands, offset units and jaw folding; its general Commander CL documentation shows that hot-air drying is optional. No unreported supplier, furnace, ink formula, water chemistry or current factory emissions are inferred. An actual route-matched non-daily newspaper can reuse this method regardless of editorial topic; a heatset glossy magazine or bound academic journal cannot. [coldsetinnovation-production, coldsetinnovation-offering, kba-naumann-2017, kba-commander-cl]

## 2. Product Category Identity

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| canonical_pcr_id | pcr.other-transportable-goods-except-metal-products-machinery-and-equipment.pulp-paper-and-paper-products-printed-matter-and-related-articles.coldset-web-offset-newspapers |
| classification_refs | CPC 3.0 32300; narrower; scope and accepted decisions: `classifications/mappings/cpc-3.0-to-pcr.yaml` and its referenced ADRs; 32410/32420/32490 are applicability context only, not accepted edges to this coldset PCR |
| covered_products | Wet-coldset folded unbound newspapers on uncoated newsprint; frequency and subject do not constrain the method |
| excluded_products | Heatset/hybrid, UV/EB, waterless, gravure/flexo/digital, bound magazines/journals, glued/stitched articles, separate inserts |
| representative_product | Actual issue/grade of CMYK coldset newspaper; named producer technical evidence establishes route, without its quantitative defaults |
| production_route | Supplied reels and prepared plates; wet offset coldset, dampening, cleaning, cut/fold, acceptance and actual bundling; off-site waste/effluent treatment |
| market_state | Net folded newspaper at dispatch and measured moisture, excluding transport packing and inserts |

## 3. Reference Flow

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| What | Supply physical newspaper at actual contracted print quality; manufacturing declared unit, not automatic reading-service equivalence |
| How much | 1 kg net accepted newspaper |
| How well | Declare actual pages, dimensions, grammage, moisture, imaged/CMYK coverage, readability and acceptance; no universal thresholds |
| How long or cycle | Same declared issue/campaign and dispatch acceptance; no assumed storage/reading lifetime |
| reference_flow_link | finished |

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Reference amount | 1 |
| Reference product flow | Printed Matter `a07593ed-90ed-4236-b90d-7a41ec14871c` |
| Reference flow property | Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66` |
| Reference unit group | Units of mass `93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66` |
| Reference unit | kg |
| Required qualifiers | Actual issue/frequency/subject; wet-coldset and evidence of no heatset/UV; newsprint uncoated/moisture/furnish/grammage; net mass/tare; pages/dimensions/imaged area; each colour SKU/full formulation/carbon origin; fountain and wash complete formulas/dilution/dose; prepared-plate route and upstream node; voltage/supply basis; fold/bundle state; stage materials and captured dust; actual outdoor species; waste receiving treatment; site/period; allocation/uncertainty |

Declare all qualifiers in the data package. Database identity does not establish site quantity, background compatibility, classification acceptance or scientific approval.

## 4. Measurement and Unit Rules

| rule_id | Applies to | Required property | Required unit | Rule |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| net_mass | finished | Mass | kg | Use cp_mass to weigh campaign accepted net newspaper P; exclude packing, cores, separate inserts and rejects. The reference is 1 kg, not copy count, area or paper-input mass. |
| formula_basis | material, liquid, residue and elementary-species rows | Mass | kg | Distinguish supplied-mixture mass, pure-species mass, water, solids and active content. Link actual supplier recipe/concentration and provider reference definition; database recipe descriptors are not default quantities. |
| electricity_basis | electricity | Net calorific value | MJ | Preserve the original Net calorific value electrical-energy property; reconcile actual voltage, supply boundary and metered kWh with MJ = 3.6 * kWh. |
| particle_partition | pm25; pm2510; pm10 | Mass | kg | Measure compatible separate size-interval masses; do not add cumulative PM10 to the fine fraction. Collected waste dust stays separate from outdoor escape. |

## 5. System Boundary

### Boundary Abstraction

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| declared_starting_condition | Received traceable newsprint reels and prepared wet-offset aluminium plates, with complete upstream papermaking/prepress nodes linked |
| starting_condition_role | intermediate_input |
| product_classification_scope | Proposed route-limited narrower subsets of the four newspaper/periodical leaves; not whole-leaf coverage |
| recursive_input_rule | Internal returned paper and fountain recirculation do not cross the node. Externally received printed newspapers/rework retain original supply and treatment history; no recursive method call may invent that background |
| upstream_dataset_requirement | Actual route/state/site/time/quantity-compatible newsprint, prepared plates, each ink/chemical, electricity/water, packing, transport and residue/wastewater receiving treatment; unknown is not zero |
| disclosure | Disclose the aggregated print node and all upstream/receiver links; exclude editorial work, reader distribution/use/end-of-life and separate inserts. Actual boilers, heatset/UV or direct water discharge require separately reviewed nodes before any complete-route claim |

The physical map is reel/prepared-plate receipt -> make-ready/plate change -> dampening and wet-coldset offset -> cut/fold -> acceptance/bundling. Cleaning and collection branches distinguish internal return, measured outdoor release and separate exported residues. Retain stage meters, stocks, material ledgers and equal mass/state/time at both ends of internal links. Dryer, UV and boiler presence/absence needs actual configuration evidence; coldset does not imply zero VOC, and substrate/formulation/cleaning losses govern real emitted species. Combustion of supplied utilities stays in its supplier node; actual fossil and biogenic CO2 both remain in that LCI even when a greenhouse-gas reporting convention excludes biogenic carbon. [defra-sg6-2011, epa-litho-ctg-2006]

## 6. Process Inventory Structure

### Process Map

| process_id | process_name | inclusion | inclusion_condition | role | quantitative_reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| print | Wet-coldset printing, folding and bundling | required | Declared paper/prepared-plate and supplied-utility route; conditional exchanges only when actually present | foreground | 1 kg net accepted newspaper |

Retain complete physical dispatch and maintenance accounts: net newspaper includes actual retained ink, paper water and every constituent belonging to the unbound newspaper. Delivered straps/film and other actual packing remain separate from P; maintain reel-core/wrapping returns, pallet and reusable-container stocks/returns, formulation drums and other supply packaging, press parts/filters and maintenance replacements. Actual packaging offcuts, returned consumables, recovery/laundry and receiver streams each need their own verified atomic exchanges and compatible upstream/receiver links before a complete dataset claim; absence or exclusion needs explicit study-boundary and physical evidence. No fixed packing rate, replacement lifetime or loss fraction is supplied.

### Process: Wet-coldset printing, folding and bundling (`print`)

#### Inputs

##### Product flows

###### Newsprint (`newsprint`)

Unprinted, uncoated, absorbent newsprint reels. Use actual grade, fibre source, ash, moisture, grammage and supplier gate; retain reel core and wrapping separately from net paper. This broad newsprint identity does not select a fibre recipe. The existing newsprint PCR is an upstream papermaking node only; use it only when its pulp/finish/utility boundary matches the actual supplier. Other suppliers need their own complete upstream datasets.

- Selected flow: Newsprint `fdb2fcca-2716-4503-8c49-59e5b557e654`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_paper`
- Sources: `coldsetinnovation-production`; `defra-sg6-2011`

###### Alternating current (`electricity`)

Purchased grid-average electricity at the 1–35 kV user boundary only. Reconcile voltage, country/time mix, transformer losses and provider boundary before linking. Include reel handling, press drives, dampening circulation, compressed-air generation, electric cooling, cleaning, extraction, folding and bundling, with stage meters; do not duplicate compressor/chiller electricity as purchased air/cold. Other intake voltages require another verified identity, not this UUID. The reference property is Net calorific value, used here as the database electrical-energy quantity convention; it is not a fuel or steam useful-heat claim.

- Selected flow: Alternating current `3d76981f-964a-4865-b588-0e067a2a1163`
- Flow property / unit: Net calorific value / MJ
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_utilities`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Water, process (`water`)

Supplied liquid process water for dampening make-up and actual cleaning. Meter external supply and distinguish formulation water, recycled loop water, retained moisture, exported liquids and evaporation. It is a purchased product, not an elementary freshwater withdrawal or discharge. Its broad legacy classification is not evidence of a particular water source or treatment; supplier quality/density and boundary remain required.

- Selected flow: Water, process `d8ad9111-4304-46fb-bc23-9a2f36d65a83`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_utilities`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink (`ink_black`)

One separately purchased black conventional oil-based coldset process-ink paste, with its actual SKU, lot and complete supplied formulation. The broad flat-printing-ink identity is conditional on compatible oil-based chemistry and absorption/oxidation setting; it does not prove colour, coldset suitability or the provider recipe. Record every pigment, petroleum/vegetable vehicle, resin/binder, wax, drier and other additive by actual identity/CAS, mass fraction and carbon origin; the fractions must close the supplied paste mass. SDS hazardous-ingredient disclosure alone is not a full formulation. Purchased paste is one exchange; do not also count its constituent purchases unless ink is actually blended in a separately modelled node. The GOOD NEWS source establishes an available coldset ink family only, not the ink used by the cited printer or a recipe.

- Selected flow: Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink `38e48719-f415-4f0f-a3e7-2893d2fbaffd`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `epa-litho-ctg-2006`; `hubergroup-good-news`

###### Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink (`ink_cyan`)

One separately purchased cyan conventional oil-based coldset process-ink paste, with its actual SKU, lot and complete supplied formulation. The broad flat-printing-ink identity is conditional on compatible oil-based chemistry and absorption/oxidation setting; it does not prove colour, coldset suitability or the provider recipe. Record every pigment, petroleum/vegetable vehicle, resin/binder, wax, drier and other additive by actual identity/CAS, mass fraction and carbon origin; the fractions must close the supplied paste mass. SDS hazardous-ingredient disclosure alone is not a full formulation. Purchased paste is one exchange; do not also count its constituent purchases unless ink is actually blended in a separately modelled node. The GOOD NEWS source establishes an available coldset ink family only, not the ink used by the cited printer or a recipe.

- Selected flow: Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink `38e48719-f415-4f0f-a3e7-2893d2fbaffd`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `epa-litho-ctg-2006`; `hubergroup-good-news`

###### Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink (`ink_magenta`)

One separately purchased magenta conventional oil-based coldset process-ink paste, with its actual SKU, lot and complete supplied formulation. The broad flat-printing-ink identity is conditional on compatible oil-based chemistry and absorption/oxidation setting; it does not prove colour, coldset suitability or the provider recipe. Record every pigment, petroleum/vegetable vehicle, resin/binder, wax, drier and other additive by actual identity/CAS, mass fraction and carbon origin; the fractions must close the supplied paste mass. SDS hazardous-ingredient disclosure alone is not a full formulation. Purchased paste is one exchange; do not also count its constituent purchases unless ink is actually blended in a separately modelled node. The GOOD NEWS source establishes an available coldset ink family only, not the ink used by the cited printer or a recipe.

- Selected flow: Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink `38e48719-f415-4f0f-a3e7-2893d2fbaffd`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `epa-litho-ctg-2006`; `hubergroup-good-news`

###### Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink (`ink_yellow`)

One separately purchased yellow conventional oil-based coldset process-ink paste, with its actual SKU, lot and complete supplied formulation. The broad flat-printing-ink identity is conditional on compatible oil-based chemistry and absorption/oxidation setting; it does not prove colour, coldset suitability or the provider recipe. Record every pigment, petroleum/vegetable vehicle, resin/binder, wax, drier and other additive by actual identity/CAS, mass fraction and carbon origin; the fractions must close the supplied paste mass. SDS hazardous-ingredient disclosure alone is not a full formulation. Purchased paste is one exchange; do not also count its constituent purchases unless ink is actually blended in a separately modelled node. The GOOD NEWS source establishes an available coldset ink family only, not the ink used by the cited printer or a recipe.

- Selected flow: Solvent-based Flat Printing Ink `38e48719-f415-4f0f-a3e7-2893d2fbaffd`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `epa-litho-ctg-2006`; `hubergroup-good-news`

###### Prepared aluminium wet-offset printing plate (`plate`)

One ready-to-print presensitized aluminium offset plate with the actual coating, imaging/development route, dimensions and net mass, received from a separately inventoried prepress node. Plate counts/area require actual measured mass conversion, not a stock thickness assumption. This node does not omit prepress: supplier plate substrate, coating, imaging, developer/wash and their electricity/wastes must be in the linked upstream dataset. If imaging/development is inside the inventoried node, add each actual chemical and wastewater as audited atomic exchanges before completeness. Bare aluminium substrate is not a prepared plate. The polystyrene-route PS Plate and combined non-daily plates/files record are not adopted.

- Selected flow: Prepared aluminium wet-offset printing plate
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_consumables`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Coldset wet-offset fountain-solution concentrate (`fount`)

One actual supplied fountain-concentrate SKU; retain complete wet formulation, water, gum/synthetic polymer, each acid/buffer salt, wetting agent/alcohol substitute, corrosion inhibitor, biocide and defoamer actually present. Do not invent an acid, surfactant or dose from an industry example. Record dilution and incoming concentrate water in the physical ledger without a second purchased-water exchange. Additional separately dosed chemicals require their own atomic cards. Alcohol-free operation must be demonstrated by actual complete composition, not its marketing name.

- Selected flow: Coldset wet-offset fountain-solution concentrate
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Isopropanol (`ipa`)

Conditional separate IPA purchase/dose, CAS 67-63-0. This record describes a China production mix; provider country/gate and purity/water convention must match before a background is linked. Record its measured purity and quantity; do not apply the rejected optical-assembly/antiseptic record or import a generic IPA percentage. IPA already contained in a purchased concentrate is accounted in its constituent ledger, not again as this purchase.

- Selected flow: Isopropanol `a4a75541-e156-4e30-947c-ba067a682afd`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Coldset offset blanket-and-roller wash formulation (`wash`)

One actually supplied coldset-compatible blanket/roller wash SKU, separate from fountain concentrate. Require full hydrocarbon/ester/alcohol/water/additive composition, CAS or defined UVCB fraction, batch mass and method of use. Record automatic cycles and manual cleaning, including make-ready and changeovers. The inkjet-printhead cleaners do not identify this product. Unidentified oil fractions require supplier speciation and emission analysis; they cannot be converted to zero VOC or assigned a single named hydrocarbon.

- Selected flow: Coldset offset blanket-and-roller wash formulation
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_formulas`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Wet-offset printing rubber blanket (`blanket`)

Actual press-compatible composite blanket, with elastomer, textile backing, metal backing if present, net mass and replacement history. One supplied assembly is one purchase, not purchases of fictitiously separated constituents. Charge actual replacement/use over the declared campaign; no universal lifetime.

- Selected flow: Wet-offset printing rubber blanket
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_consumables`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Cotton fabric (`cloth`)

Conditional actual cotton wiping cloth, only when fibre specification confirms cotton fabric. Positive fabric/cloth/woven-fabric names support the physical textile, while the raw-cotton CPC01921 and cotton-plant comment are source-quality limitations requiring clarification; no raw-cotton cultivation background is selected. Record textile mass, reuse/laundering cycles and clean cloth versus absorbed ink/wash. Synthetic/nonwoven substitutes need separate identities and laundering burdens. It is not an elementary fibre emission.

- Selected flow: Cotton fabric `dd9f2248-bc28-43b9-8d57-d77756754f4d`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_consumables`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Polypropylene packaging strap (`strap`)

Conditional actual PP bundling strap, measured net mass, recycled content and grade. Raw polypropylene resin, fibre, twine and a cable tie are not the same manufactured strip; UUID unresolved. Do not prescribe a strap per copy or a resin-to-strap yield. Other actual band materials require their own cards.

- Selected flow: Polypropylene packaging strap
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_packaging`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Polyethylene film (`film`)

Conditional actual PE bundling/wrapping film, CAS 9002-88-4, with measured thickness, grade, additives, recycled fraction and provider. Name/CAS/comment support film; the CPC 29220 luggage classification is an acknowledged source defect requiring clarification, not evidence of luggage. A coated/laminated film or other polymer is not represented. Packaging is excluded from reference newspaper mass and remains an input.

- Selected flow: Polyethylene film `e64eb06c-6dc9-45f1-b003-3dc6c44b27e2`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_packaging`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Petroleum-derived wet-offset machine lubricating oil (`lubricant`)

Conditional actual petroleum-fraction machine lubricant. This is not synthetic PAO; collect actual grade, additives and provider basis. UUID remains unresolved: a candidate with a hard 40.5 MJ/kg calorific-value qualifier requires actual numeric specification and gross/net, dry/wet and temperature-basis compatibility before adoption. A Mass reference or stating that the value is not a heat input does not waive the restriction. Reconcile fill/top-up, stock, retained charge and separately exported used oil; do not equate consumption with direct combustion.

- Selected flow: Petroleum-derived wet-offset machine lubricating oil
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_consumables`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### refrigerant, R134a (tetrafluoroethane) (`r134a_input`)

Conditional actual R134a purchased make-up for an identified electric fountain/ink-circuit chiller. Verify equipment nameplate, CAS 811-97-2, refrigerant certificate, charging/recovery and stocks. The selected generic R134a/tetrafluoroethane product has a native Mass/kg reference and no freezing, ship or proxy-use restriction; raw CAS, purity, delivery state, supplier and background are unspecified and require actual certification. The different plant candidate that references Aluminium content and the freezing/ship/proxy-use records are not used. Identity does not establish this chiller quantity or exclude its physical refrigerant from the balance. No universal leakage rate, initial charge or cooling duty is supplied; leakage and recovered material are different fates.

- Selected flow: refrigerant, R134a (tetrafluoroethane) `210b4222-adda-4097-9e79-f2c9a6c172e4`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_refrigerant`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

##### Waste flows

##### Elementary flows

#### Outputs

##### Product flows

###### Printed Matter (`finished`)

Exactly one reference output: accepted net folded, unbound coldset newspapers at dispatch, excluding transport straps/film, reel cores, inserts made elsewhere and rejects. This broad mechanically printed material identity includes the explicitly limited paper newspaper subset; it does not select paper 3D printing, postal discounts or another route. Its CPC 32690 metadata differs from the proposed newspaper classifications and requires controller/provider clarification. The name route explicitly covers printing on paper or other substrates; its synonyms positively identify printed matter on paper. The general mechanically-printed description applies here; the appended postal and paper-3D examples are not adopted as production methods. Physical identity, supplier background and classification acceptance are separate questions. Folding/bundling are aggregated with printing, so an internal intermediate printed web is not another reference output.

- Selected flow: Printed Matter `a07593ed-90ed-4236-b90d-7a41ec14871c`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: 1 kg
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_mass`
- Sources: `coldsetinnovation-production`; `defra-sg6-2011`

##### Waste flows

###### waste paper (unspecified) (`spoilage`)

Externally exported paper spoilage, make-ready paper and trim within a single separately weighed paper-waste stream. Retain printed/unprinted composition, ink loading, moisture, contaminants, origin and receiving recycling/disposal route. Internally returned material is not external waste; separately exported streams with different receiver/composition require separate rows. The unspecified physical identity does not select landfill or a credit.

- Selected flow: waste paper (unspecified) `f140a5a2-5318-4d06-956f-a87b9c6fda25`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Waste solid (`spent_plate`)

This broad industrial-solid-waste identity is restricted to this one actual solid spent coated-aluminium plate stream with its complete substrate/retained coating, ink, solvent and water mass. Measure actual solid physical state, constituent composition, as-exported wet/dry basis, contamination and receiver acceptance; separately collected streams remain separate atomic rows. The broad identity establishes neither a pure-material recycling stream nor hazard class or treatment. Actual spent aluminium plate with residual photosensitive coating, ink and cleaning contamination. Measure substrate plus contamination mass and receiver specification separately from incoming prepared-plate mass; no automatic pure-aluminium recovery credit. The photopolymer flexographic plate record is not a compatible substitute.

- Selected flow: Waste solid `851fd235-5a89-4cf9-b7da-5c278ed1dcbb`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Waste liquid (`spent_wash`)

Use this broad industrial-waste-liquid identity only for the physically liquid whole-mixture transfer named here. Measure whole-liquid as-exported mass, volume and compatible density at recorded temperature, actual water mass fraction and separately measured suspended/dissolved solids, organic constituents and receiver acceptance; whole mass = volume × compatible density. Non-water mass = whole mass × (1 − actual water fraction), not automatically dry solids; water-specific and solids/volatile-loss methods must be independently validated. Generic hazardous-language metadata does not establish site hazard status. Separately removed spent wash, with measured water, solvent fractions, ink, solids and hazard/receiver information. Not all purchased solvent becomes air emission; measured retained solvent in exported liquid is a separate fate. Do not combine with fountain purge, used oil or aqueous wastewater. Recycling/distillation treatment is included through an actual linked receiver dataset.

- Selected flow: Waste liquid `bdfc32cf-8028-40a8-a2e4-2d73422ece34`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Waste solid (`spent_cloth`)

This broad industrial-solid-waste identity is restricted to this one actual solid contaminated cotton cloth stream with its complete substrate/retained coating, ink, solvent and water mass. Measure actual solid physical state, constituent composition, as-exported wet/dry basis, contamination and receiver acceptance; separately collected streams remain separate atomic rows. The broad identity establishes neither a pure-material recycling stream nor hazard class or treatment. Conditional exported contaminated cotton cloth; weigh dry textile and absorbed ink/wash/water, retaining full stream mass and receiver hazards. Closed-container storage and actual time/temperature matter to solvent retention. Retention from a regulatory example is not an automatic site fraction. Exclude cloth sent to a separately inventoried laundry return loop from one-way disposal.

- Selected flow: Waste solid `851fd235-5a89-4cf9-b7da-5c278ed1dcbb`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Collected paper-fibre-and-ink dust (`collected_dust`)

One actually collected dry dust stream from paper handling/cutting/folding and press-room controls, with actual fibre, mineral, ink and moisture composition. Record weighed collected mass, internal return, equipment deposits and exported receiver mass. Captured dust is not an outdoor elementary release; kiln dust and generic particulate emissions are not this waste identity. The broad non-metal industrial-dust waste identity conditionally locates only this actual captured paper/ink-dust stream; no default composition, treatment or airborne release is selected. Mixed or separate capture streams must retain their own measured composition, moisture, source/receiver and provider-basis evidence.

- Selected flow: Dust `2a6c9b60-a075-45ec-b611-c3b4dd255935`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_dust`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`

###### Waste liquid (`spent_fount`)

Use this broad industrial-waste-liquid identity only for the physically liquid whole-mixture transfer named here. Measure whole-liquid as-exported mass, volume and compatible density at recorded temperature, actual water mass fraction and separately measured suspended/dissolved solids, organic constituents and receiver acceptance; whole mass = volume × compatible density. Non-water mass = whole mass × (1 − actual water fraction), not automatically dry solids; water-specific and solids/volatile-loss methods must be independently validated. Generic hazardous-language metadata does not establish site hazard status. Actually removed fountain-loop purge, one separately stored/exported solution with measured water, dissolved salts/additives, ink and solvents. Internal recirculation does not cross the node boundary. If purge joins aqueous wastewater before the boundary, retain stage transfer records and report the combined receiver exchange once; do not count both outgoing liquids.

- Selected flow: Waste liquid `bdfc32cf-8028-40a8-a2e4-2d73422ece34`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Waste liquid (`ww`)

Use this broad industrial-waste-liquid identity only for the physically liquid whole-mixture transfer named here. Measure whole-liquid as-exported mass, volume and compatible density at recorded temperature, actual water mass fraction and separately measured suspended/dissolved solids, organic constituents and receiver acceptance; whole mass = volume × compatible density. Non-water mass = whole mass × (1 − actual water fraction), not automatically dry solids; water-specific and solids/volatile-loss methods must be independently validated. Generic hazardous-language metadata does not establish site hazard status. Actually discharged aqueous cleaning wastewater sent to a declared off-site treatment operator, preserving wet mass, density/volume, suspended ink/paper solids, organic solvents, salts, metals where present and receiver acceptance. Printing-plate processing wastewater is not adopted for this press-only stream; manganese-residue wash wastewater is incompatible. No direct river/sewer elementary discharge or on-site treatment is assumed. On-site treatment/direct discharge needs its own verified treatment node and actual species/carrier-water rows before completeness.

- Selected flow: Waste liquid `bdfc32cf-8028-40a8-a2e4-2d73422ece34`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Used lubricating oil (`spent_oil`)

Conditional separately exported machine used oil, with measured contamination, residual water and actual receiver route. It is not spent blanket wash and does not prescribe combustion. Maintain stock/retained-charge reconciliation and no automatic recycling credit.

- Selected flow: Used lubricating oil `55d93375-7f04-4166-b2a2-88ce929051a5`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Waste ink (`waste_ink`)

One separately removed residual coldset ink paste with actual colour/composition, water/solvent and receiver. This offset/coldset residue identity is not an on-disc-label waste or an assumed waste fraction. If ink is already contained in exported wash or cloth, track constituents there and do not duplicate it as a separate waste exchange.

- Selected flow: Waste ink `468ac05a-00a0-4153-a4ba-4084ef981e4c`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### Waste solid (`spent_blanket`)

This broad industrial-solid-waste identity is restricted to this one actual solid composite rubber-blanket stream with its complete substrate/retained coating, ink, solvent and water mass. Measure actual solid physical state, constituent composition, as-exported wet/dry basis, contamination and receiver acceptance; separately collected streams remain separate atomic rows. The broad identity establishes neither a pure-material recycling stream nor hazard class or treatment. Conditional actual removed composite blanket with textile/elastomer/backing and ink/cleaner contamination. Record net exported mass, reuse and receiver. It is not pure waste rubber or a generic cloth offcut.

- Selected flow: Waste solid `851fd235-5a89-4cf9-b7da-5c278ed1dcbb`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residues`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

##### Elementary flows

###### isopropanol (`ipa_air`)

Conditional actual isopropanol emission only when CAS 67-63-0 is confirmed in the actual formulation or emission analysis. Outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment, kg of this species; indoor workplace concentration alone is not a site-boundary exchange. Pair outlet/fugitive measurements and species material balance, retaining water/solvent in product, liquid, cloth, stocks and recovery separately. No default positive amount, zero emission or universal retention. These three chemically specific cards do not stand for unidentified petroleum fractions or all VOC. Additional measured species require separate audited cards before complete inventory.

- Selected flow: isopropanol `fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a843-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_species`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### ethanol (`ethanol_air`)

Conditional actual ethanol emission only when CAS 64-17-5 is confirmed in the actual formulation or emission analysis. Outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment, kg of this species; indoor workplace concentration alone is not a site-boundary exchange. Pair outlet/fugitive measurements and species material balance, retaining water/solvent in product, liquid, cloth, stocks and recovery separately. No default positive amount, zero emission or universal retention. These three chemically specific cards do not stand for unidentified petroleum fractions or all VOC. Additional measured species require separate audited cards before complete inventory.

- Selected flow: ethanol `08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-9349-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_species`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### ethylene glycol (`glycol_air`)

Conditional actual ethylene glycol emission only when CAS 107-21-1 is confirmed in the actual formulation or emission analysis. Outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment, kg of this species; indoor workplace concentration alone is not a site-boundary exchange. Pair outlet/fugitive measurements and species material balance, retaining water/solvent in product, liquid, cloth, stocks and recovery separately. No default positive amount, zero emission or universal retention. These three chemically specific cards do not stand for unidentified petroleum fractions or all VOC. Additional measured species require separate audited cards before complete inventory.

- Selected flow: ethylene glycol `08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-938a-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_species`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### particles (PM2.5) (`pm25`)

Conditional actual outdoor escape of particles up to 2.5 micrometres aerodynamic diameter from paper handling/cutting/folding or ink mist, after installed controls and including actual fugitive releases. Outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment; composition is measured paper fibre, mineral, ink or their mixture. Do not insert a wood-processing dust factor. Retain distinct aerodynamic intervals; compatible total-minus-finer differences may be used only with matched sampling basis and propagated uncertainty. Captured/returned dust, nested PM10 totals and indoor recirculating aerosols are not additional releases.

- Selected flow: particles (PM2.5) `08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-9293-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_dust`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`

###### particles (PM2.5 - PM10) (`pm2510`)

Conditional actual outdoor escape of particles above 2.5 and up to 10 micrometres aerodynamic diameter from paper handling/cutting/folding or ink mist, after installed controls and including actual fugitive releases. Outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment; composition is measured paper fibre, mineral, ink or their mixture. Do not insert a wood-processing dust factor. Retain distinct aerodynamic intervals; compatible total-minus-finer differences may be used only with matched sampling basis and propagated uncertainty. Captured/returned dust, nested PM10 totals and indoor recirculating aerosols are not additional releases.

- Selected flow: particles (PM2.5 - PM10) `08a91e70-3ddc-11dd-9501-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_dust`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`

###### particles (> PM10) (`pm10`)

Conditional actual outdoor escape of particles above 10 micrometres aerodynamic diameter from paper handling/cutting/folding or ink mist, after installed controls and including actual fugitive releases. Outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment; composition is measured paper fibre, mineral, ink or their mixture. Do not insert a wood-processing dust factor. Retain distinct aerodynamic intervals; compatible total-minus-finer differences may be used only with matched sampling basis and propagated uncertainty. Captured/returned dust, nested PM10 totals and indoor recirculating aerosols are not additional releases.

- Selected flow: particles (> PM10) `fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a70a-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_dust`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`

###### water vapour (`water_air`)

Actual process-water evaporation reaching outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment. Reconcile dampening/cleaning water, supplied formulation water, incoming paper moisture, retained product water, purges/wastewater and stock changes with inlet/outlet ambient humidity at compatible conditions; report net process-added water vapour and avoid counting ambient carrier water as generated evaporation. Do not treat the full purchased-water volume as evaporated or add internal-loop evaporation twice. This is water vapour, not liquid freshwater discharge.

- Selected flow: water vapour `fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-ac04-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_water`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

###### HFC-134a (`r134a`)

Conditional real R134a leakage, CAS 811-97-2, from a confirmed chiller to outdoor air, unspecified subcompartment. Reconcile charge, purchased make-up, recovery, exports and stock, with uncertainty; purchase is not automatically leakage. The source has no official Chinese baseName, so the canonical chemical token is retained. No other refrigerant or fluorinated anaesthetic may be substituted.

- Selected flow: HFC-134a `fe0acd60-3ddc-11dd-a6d2-0050c2490048`
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Actual physical amount X of this atomic exchange over the same declared campaign divided by measured accepted net newspaper mass P; preserve raw unit, interval and basis before separate environmental-burden allocation. Conditional rows require actual presence/absence evidence; unknown is not zero.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per 1 kg reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_refrigerant`
- Sources: `defra-sg6-2011`; `epa-litho-ctg-2006`

## 7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

First subdivide and directly attribute issues/grades/stages. Keep unallocated physical paper fibre, pigments/minerals, vehicles/resins, water, energy and fossil/biogenic carbon separate from allocated environmental burdens. Internal return is not a co-product and receives no automatic substitution credit. Never multiply waste-paper or other co-product physical output by burden shares, or change equal internal-link quantities through allocation. Shared meters first use measured time/load, dampening/cleaning cycles and operating conditions as causal drivers; retain make-ready, plate changes, idle and reject burdens instead of dividing only by accepted copy count. If subdivision is impossible, disclose defensible causal physical allocation and sensitivity; economic allocation needs separate justification/review. Scrap paper/plate sale does not automatically establish co-products or credits. These are author methodological rules informed by process differentiation, not a claim that BAT prescribes LCA allocation. [defra-sg6-2011]

## 8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

### Data Collection Protocols

| protocol_id | process_id | flow_role | record_type | raw_fields | collection_method | unit | frequency | temporal_coverage | site_scope | aggregation_rule | quality_evidence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| cp_mass | print | finished | meter/laboratory/transfer record | gross dispatch mass; measured strap/film tare; net newspaper mass; accepted issue/batch; copy count; actual moisture; stock and acceptance | Weigh accepted folded copies/bundles on calibrated scales; subtract measured external packing; reconcile only newspapers from the same declared route/issue. Inserts and rejects excluded. Copy counts and measured mean net copy mass are QA, not an unverified reference replacement. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_paper | print | newsprint | meter/laboratory/transfer record | supplier lot; grade; fibre/ash; reel gross/core/wrapper tare; net paper; moisture; stocks; splice/make-ready/trim; upstream supply | Traceable receipt and reel-use weighing, actual grammage/area and moisture tests; reconcile output, waste and stocks per stage. Record supplier furnish and uncoated state without importing pulp or wood-processing defaults. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_formulas | print | ink_black; ink_cyan; ink_magenta; ink_yellow; fount; ipa; wash | meter/laboratory/transfer record | SKU; colour; lot; supplier; every ingredient identity/CAS or UVCB; wet mass fraction; water/solids; fossil/biogenic carbon; density/T; dilution; additions; stocks; retained/exported/evaporated material; provider reference | Weigh supplied batches/dosing and reconcile stocks; obtain complete supplier formulation, including nonhazardous ingredients omitted by SDS. Full fractions close each supplied mixture. Use documented analytical speciation for unresolved UVCB fractions and retained product/residue. Actual separately blended ingredients require distinct exchanges in a separate preparation node; never count both paste and its ingredients. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_utilities | print | electricity; water | meter/laboratory/transfer record | stage meter; boundary voltage/country/time; kWh; transformer/compressor/chiller loads/losses; water mass/volume/density/T; stocks; formulation water; cooling-loop make-up; provider gate | Read calibrated supply and stage meters across make-ready, runs, cleaning, idle and finishing; reconcile the node boundary and actual causal allocation. Preserve original units and provider quantity definition. No fuel, steam, useful-heat or dryer requirement is inferred from machine capacity. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_consumables | print | plate; blanket; cloth; lubricant | meter/laboratory/transfer record | component/SKU; composition; actual incoming mass; lubricant calorific-value specification/basis; area/count and measured mass; replacement; reuse/laundry; stocks; prepress imaging/developer upstream; provider | Weigh and inventory actual components, reconcile replacement/use and supplier/prepress boundaries. Retain physical internal links at identical mass/state/time at both ends; no arbitrary lifetime or unmeasured count-to-mass factor. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_packaging | print | strap; film | meter/laboratory/transfer record | actual component/resin/grade; supplied mass; net issued mass; rejects/return; reference packing tare; receiver/provider | Weigh each component independently and reconcile issue/return; retained external packing remains an input and is excluded from product denominator. Actually supplied composite purchases are not fictitiously decomposed into double purchases. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_residues | print | spoilage; spent_plate; spent_wash; spent_cloth; spent_fount; ww; spent_oil; waste_ink; spent_blanket | meter/laboratory/transfer record | stage; stream; physical state; whole as-exported mass; liquid volume/density/temperature; water-specific fraction; independently verified solids; water/solvent; fibre/ink/minerals/coating/metals; hazard; stocks; internal return; receiving treatment and transport | Weigh actual separate external streams and paired composition samples; preserve receiver transfer manifests. If streams combine before node exit, retain internal constituents/transfers and count the receiver exchange once. Resolve aqueous off-site treatment versus direct discharge; a plate-wash or unrelated wastewater is not a press-wash proxy. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_species | print | ipa_air; ethanol_air; glycol_air | meter/laboratory/transfer record | actual CAS/species/UVCB; raw concentration and air volume; T/P; wet/dry/reference oxygen; operating interval; outlet/fugitive capture; calibration/blanks; retained product/cloth/liquid; carbon origin; method/uncertainty | Use species-resolved validated outlet/fugitive sampling such as documented GC analysis appropriate to the real composition, with simultaneous flow and actual operating intervals; reconcile species material balance. Total carbon FID/VOC compliance values require response and molecular/carbon conversion and speciation, never arbitrary full attribution to IPA. Unidentified oil fractions or unmeasured fugitive releases remain unresolved. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_dust | print | collected_dust; pm25; pm2510; pm10 | meter/laboratory/transfer record | source stage; complete as-collected/exported dust wet mass, measured moisture and independently verified solids; aerodynamic cut; compatible concentration/air volume/T/P/wet-dry basis; control state; fibre/mineral/ink; collected/deposited/returned mass; receiver; uncertainty | Calibrated size-resolved outlet and actual fugitive sampling paired with air-flow records; independently weigh capture and internal return. Cover handling, cutting/folding, cleaning and ink-mist conditions. Use no wood/dry-paper default factor; unmeasured is unresolved, not zero. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_water | print | water_air | meter/laboratory/transfer record | water supply/formulation/loop; product moisture; residue liquid; stocks; process air humidity/volume; T/P; ambient baseline | Close actual water ledger with measured supplied, retained and exported water and/or humidity/flow change; retain measurement uncertainty and ambient correction. Unknown evaporation is pending, not the difference of unrelated campaigns. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |
| cp_refrigerant | print | r134a_input; r134a | meter/laboratory/transfer record | equipment/nameplate; refrigerant CAS/certificate; initial/final charge and cylinder stocks; purchased make-up; recovered/exported gas; service log; losses; provider | Traceable charge/recovery and cylinder weighing with calibrated scales, paired service/leak records; compare net mass changes for the same period. Recovered refrigerant is not air leakage; if exported, add a separate actual receiver flow before completeness. Other refrigerants require individually verified input/release cards. | Original row unit and basis | Each batch/matched metering interval | Same complete campaign, including make-ready, cleaning, idle and rejects | Selected grade/issue/node; upstream and receiver identified | per 1 kg reference flow | Calibration, original records, composition certificates, sample chain and uncertainty |

Each protocol normalizes its actual campaign atomic exchange X to X/P, with P the same-campaign accepted net newspaper kg from cp_mass, retaining unnormalized stage amounts, stocks and physical ledgers before allocation. Formulation/species coverage is exhaustive for actual materials rather than selected easy-to-measure constituents. Missing full supplier formula, unidentified volatile fractions, important fugitive releases or receiver treatment prevents a complete dataset. A separately purchased/blended additional ingredient requires its own audited card; so do other actual papers, colours, packing, refrigerants, wastes and emitted species. No default factory quantities are supplied. [epa-litho-ctg-2006, defra-sg6-2011]

### Calculation Rules

| rule_id | Applies to | Formula or rule | Inputs | Output | source_ids |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| net_campaign | finished | P = sum(accepted newspaper bundle gross mass - measured packing tare - mass of material not belonging to that newspaper); exclude rejects/other routes by batch. Internal stage transfers are not a second output. | cp_mass | P | coldsetinnovation-production |
| campaign_normalization | all inventory rows | x = X / P; X is the compatible unallocated physical campaign amount of the atomic exchange and P accepted net newspaper kg; paper input, printed area and copy counts do not replace P. | cp_mass; all applicable row protocols | x | defra-sg6-2011 |
| electricity_units | electricity | MJ = 3.6 * kWh; preserve metered electrical quantity and supply voltage/boundary before normalization by P. | cp_utilities; cp_mass | MJ per kg | defra-sg6-2011 |
| constituent_mass | ink_black; ink_cyan; ink_magenta; ink_yellow; fount; wash; ipa | m_i = supplied_mass * actual_wet_mass_fraction_i; all supplied-mixture fractions sum to 1 with uncertainty disclosed. Preserve whole formulation, water, dry solids and active bases; constituent ledgers are not duplicate purchases. | cp_formulas | kg constituent in physical balance | epa-litho-ctg-2006 |
| species_release | ipa_air; ethanol_air; glycol_air | L_i = sum(c_i,k * V_k * 0.000001), with species-specific c in mg/m3 and V in m3 at matching wet/dry/T/P basis and operating interval; normalize by P. Other concentration definitions need actual molecular-mass/analytical-response conversion. A residual balance retains stock, product, liquid/cloth and recovered fates; unseparated species remain unresolved. | cp_species; cp_formulas; cp_mass | kg species per kg | epa-litho-ctg-2006 |
| particle_intervals | pm25; pm2510; pm10 | Compatible cumulative PM10 minus same-condition PM2.5 yields only the middle interval; total particles minus PM10 yields only the coarse interval. Match volume/T/P/wet-dry/sampling periods and uncertainty; no arbitrary size split, and do not clip a negative difference to zero to hide measurement conflict. | cp_dust; cp_mass | Separate kg interval per kg | defra-sg6-2011 |
| refrigerant_balance | r134a_input; r134a | Leakage = initial equipment and cylinder stock + external purchase/receipts - final equipment and cylinder stock - exported recovery/other measured removals, for the same period and chemical identity; retain uncertainty and service measurements, never equate purchase with leakage. | cp_refrigerant; cp_mass | kg leakage per kg | defra-sg6-2011 |

### Data Quality Requirements

| requirement_id | Applies to | Requirement | Evidence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| identity | all inventory rows | Check actual name, CAS, hard route, medium/submedium, carbon origin, reference property/unit. Separate identity acceptance from provider quantity compatibility and disclose misplaced classifications. | Provider and identity originals |
| physical_balances | print | Close independent stage physical paper-fibre/pigment/mineral/vehicle/resin dry solids, water, energy and fossil/biogenic carbon, including actual oxidation/oxygen exchange, deposits, dust and stocks. Measurable oxidation changes require reactant/product evidence and separate species exchanges; do not force an unmeasured input total to equal finished mass. | Original stage ledgers, composition tests and uncertainty |
| full_formulas | print | A data package cannot claim completeness without every ink/fountain/wash complete formula. Unknown ingredients remain specific debts; a hazard-ingredient table or site typical ratio is not the full formula. | Full supplier formulas, lots and species samples |
| air_completeness | print | Reconcile complete formulations with actual paper dust, ink mist, volatiles and refrigerant. Detection limits require methods/uncertainty and do not establish true zero. Do not add VOC or total-carbon summary to its individual LCI species. | Outlet/fugitive measurements, analytical response and control conditions |
| coverage | print | Same-period coverage includes make-ready, cleaning, changes, downtime, rejects and all supply/transport/receiving treatment; limited invoices or advertised capacity are not a complete factory survey. | Campaign records and external links |

## 9. Validation Rules

Require exactly one product output linked by finished and the reference UUID, equal to 1 kg net accepted newspaper. English/Chinese reference amounts, row IDs, chemical identity, denominator, collection aggregation and formulas must match. Verify actual coldset equipment and absence of heatset/UV operation independently of frequency. Missing newsprint/prepress supply, complete ink/fountain/wash formulas, actual outdoor species, provider basis, receiver treatment or important quantities prevents completeness. A blank atomic-flow UUID is not zero; correction flows, adjacent chemicals and contrary routes cannot close it. Particle intervals do not overlap; captured/returned dust is not duplicated as outdoor emission; merged residues cross the boundary once. Keep physical and allocated-burden ledgers and expose performed/skipped/unresolved checks. No universal recipe, furnace, VOC/dust/leakage or wet/dry quantity defaults are supplied. Different old AP-42 newspaper-retention and later CTG values are applicability cautions, never proof of zero factory VOC. [epa-ap42-printing-1981, epa-litho-ctg-2006, defra-sg6-2011]

## 10. Published Dataset Profile

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| dataset_role | unit_process_dataset |
| downstream_use | secondary_dataset; background_dataset |
| allowed_use | Wet-coldset unbound-newspaper manufacture with compatible upstream and receiving-treatment links; daily and actual route-matched non-daily outputs |
| excluded_use | All-periodical coverage, heatset/UV/waterless/bound journals, full reading service, complete LCI/LCIA from identity success without formulas/site quantities |
| required_metadata | Required qualifiers; P; physical/burden ledgers; each colour formula; supply/receiver; method selection and quantity bases |
| required_quality_disclosure | Measured/unmeasured exchanges, blank UUIDs, formula/species gaps, source classification defects, missing official Chinese name, provider matching, allocation/uncertainty and review state |
| update_trigger | Changed paper/printing/setting/binding route, formulas, prepress, utilities, packing, treatment, species or provider reference |

## 11. Data Sources

| Source id | Type | Reference | Used for |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| jrc-sts-2020 | official_guidance | European Commission JRC, BAT Reference Document on Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents (2020), https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2021-06/jrc122816_sts_2020_final.pdf | §11.2 printed pp344–345/PDF383–384: generic wet-offset and coldset/heatset distinction only; §21.7.3.1–2 printed p989/PDF1028: newspaper versus magazine route context. Heatset virtual-plant tables, quantities and limits not adopted. |
| defra-sg6-2011 | official_guidance | UK Defra, Sector Guidance Note SG6 (11), February 2011, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80811ded915d74e33facf5/surface-treatment-using-solvents-sector-guidance-note-sg-6-11.pdf | §§3.36–3.38 printed p30/PDF36: coldset absorption/oxidation, dampening and blanket cleaning; Table 9 printed p32/PDF38: coldset cleaning solvent releases; finishing printed p34/PDF40: paper cutting/trim dust and collected waste. Table 9 contains a contradictory parenthetical on lithographic dampening; it is not adopted over the explicit §3.36 wet-offset description. Historical technical scope only, no current legal compliance, limits or factor defaults. |
| epa-litho-ctg-2006 | official_guidance | US EPA, Control Techniques Guidelines for Offset Lithographic Printing and Letterpress Printing, EPA-453/R-06-002 (September 2006), https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P1009O71.txt | IV.A printed pp7–8/PDF13–14, comparative letterpress IV.B and VOC-source overview printed p9/PDF15, and Appendix A printed p19/PDF25: constituent families, fountain aids, cleaning, species/material-fate and volatile-content test scope. D6419/Method24 cited only as method-selection discussion, not acquired full procedures. Regulatory VOC/ink-oil/shop-towel retention percentages are not universal factory factors. |
| epa-ap42-printing-1981 | official_guidance | US EPA AP-42 §4.9.1 General Graphic Printing, 4/81 reformatted 1/95, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c4s09-1.pdf | §4.9.1.1.1/PDF1–2: historic newspaper line contrasted with a heatset publication-line figure; §4.9.1.2/Table4.9.1-1/PDF6–7: old retention defaults explicitly excluded. No zero-VOC conclusion, ink ratio or generic factor adopted; plant evidence and later CTG need separate applicability assessment. |
| coldsetinnovation-production | literature | ColdsetInnovation Fulda, COLDSET / ZEITUNGSPRODUKTION, producer technical sheet, https://www.coldsetinnovation.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/A4_Coldset-Innovation_Technische-Daten_Zeitungsproduktion_webRZ.pdf | PDF1: explicit rotary offset coldset and process-colour newspaper route; no spot colours. Product formats, screen/tone settings and area coverage are site specifications, not universal mass/ink/quality defaults; actual ink formula and emissions undisclosed. |
| coldsetinnovation-offering | literature | ColdsetInnovation Fulda, first-party newspaper production offering, https://www.coldsetinnovation.de/ | Zeitungsdruck: same coldset operator produces daily and weekly newspapers. Supports frequency-independent method reuse, not coverage of every periodical, supplied recipe or measured LCI; optional stitches/special formats remain outside the selected unbound route. |
| kba-naumann-2017 | literature | Koenig & Bauer, Modern Commander CL to mark the 50th anniversary of the company (11 October 2017), https://investors.koenig-bauer.com/en/publications/press-releases/details/article/modern-commander-cl-to-mark-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-company/ | Named operating newspaper installation with reelstands, offset towers and KF5 jaw folder. Hardware case only; no full plant survey, current recipe/utility/zero-release assumption. |
| kba-commander-cl | literature | Koenig & Bauer, Commander CL product description, https://www.koenig-bauer.com/en/products/p/commander-cl | Spray dampening and optional wash/plate change/heatset extension. Installed features and dryer absence must be checked; capability is not operating inventory. |
| hubergroup-good-news | literature | hubergroup, INKREDIBLE GOOD NEWS, https://www.hubergroup.com/us/en/print-solutions-division/family/inkredible/inkredible-good-news | First-party coldset process-ink family existence only; not a full recipe or proof of a named printer’s supply. Supplier complete formulation, SKU/colour and actual consumption are mandatory. |