---
pcr_id: pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.live-animals-and-animal-products-excluding-meat.raw-hides-and-skins-of-bovine-animals
language: en-US
status: candidate
sync_with: pcr.zh-CN.md
---

# Raw hides and skins of bovine animals

## 1. Scope and Applicability

This PCR covers fresh or preserved but untanned raw hides/skins from bovine class 0211, including cattle, buffalo and other bovines, at the actual declared farm-slaughter, recovery, slaughterhouse or curing-plant handover. Record bovine species, meat/dairy/draught/mixed animal history, slaughter or lawful fallen-animal recovery, grade, fresh/wet-salted/dry-salted/air-dried/brine-cured state, moisture, salt and gate. A fallen-animal route is not a fictitious meat co-product. Exclude other species, tanned/further-prepared leather and downstream freight. [UN CPC 3.0](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf), [FAO hides and skins](https://www.fao.org/4/i0523e/i0523e.pdf) and [FAO hide definitions](https://www.fao.org/4/x9892e/X9892e06.htm) support this boundary.

## 2. Product Category Identity

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| canonical_pcr_id | pcr.agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-products.live-animals-and-animal-products-excluding-meat.raw-hides-and-skins-of-bovine-animals |
| classification_refs | CPC 3.0 02951 |
| covered_products | Fresh or preserved untanned bovine raw hides and skins of class 0211. |
| excluded_products | Non-bovine skins; tanned or further-prepared leather; isolated hair; post-gate transport. |
| representative_product | Accepted bovine raw hide, weighed net in as-sold state at its actual handover gate. |
| production_route | Animal husbandry and slaughter with independent flaying, or lawful fallen-animal recovery; actual first cleaning, grading, optional preservation and declared handover. |
| market_state | Declared fresh or preserved raw state with grade, moisture and salt/brine recorded. |

## 3. Reference Flow

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| What | Accepted bovine raw hide at its actual declared handover gate. |
| How much | 1 kg net as-sold raw hide, excluding package tare and separable brine/salt. |
| How well | Species, animal purpose, source route/legal status, grade, state, moisture/salt and gate known. |
| How long or cycle | Source animal phases through removal and actual declared handover; shared service periods attributed once. |
| reference_flow_link | `final_hide` |

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Reference amount | 1 |
| Reference product flow | Bovine raw hide, state- and gate-qualified |
| Reference flow property | Mass `93a60a56-a3c8-11da-a746-0800200b9a66` |
| Reference unit group | Mass units `93a60a57-a4c8-11da-a746-0800200c9a66` |
| Reference unit | kg |
| Required qualifiers | bovine species; meat/dairy/draught/mixed source; slaughter or legal fallen recovery; grade; fresh/wet-salted/dry-salted/air-dried/brine-cured; moisture and salt/brine; actual handover gate; lot; net and tare |

## 4. Measurement and Unit Rules

| rule_id | Applies to | Required property | Required unit | Rule |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| m_net | final lot | Mass | kg | Subtract package tare and separable free brine/salt; retain measured incorporated moisture and salt in as-sold mass. |
| m_state | fresh versus preserved | Mass and moisture | kg;kg/kg | Measure pre/post mass, moisture and salt/brine; use no universal fresh-to-cured conversion. |
| m_grade | graded lot | Mass | kg | Reconcile accepted, downgraded, rejected, trims and measured loss. |
| m_period | source animal and shared plant | Service time | period | Link dairy, draught, growth, terminal and plant service phases to actual periods exactly once. |
| `inventory_reference_normalization` | all inventory rows | Actual flow property | exchange unit per reference flow | The inventory and collection aggregation fields below express final amounts per declared reference flow. Keep all raw collection records, original denominator qualifiers, route/period strata, unit conversions and allocation requirements. For each flow, first obtain its attributable amount in its own numerator unit using the existing rules; then divide by the measured accepted reference-output quantity of the same scope and multiply by the declared reference quantity. Do not mix species, states, gates or incompatible routes; count transfers and shared burdens once. A missing, zero or untraceable accepted-output denominator is a blocking data-quality issue. Keep provisional QA ranges on their explicitly stated bases; they are not conversion factors or production defaults. These are final foreground-package contributions, not replacements for stage quantitative references or stage-native unit-process datasets. Retain stage records separately. Compute normalized amount = attributable raw amount * declared reference quantity / measured accepted final reference-output quantity. Apply normalization exactly once. |
| `stage_throughput_linkage` | stage records and final package contributions | Actual flow property and its stated raw basis | retain native numerator and stage denominator units | Keep the original lot, event, cohort, period and stage denominators with their units. Reconstruct the attributable numerator A with measured stage quantity Q_stage and documented attribution before final normalization. If a quoted amount a_B corresponds to an explicit stage basis B_stage (for example, 1000 kg), use A = a_B * Q_stage / B_stage. If r_stage is already an intensity in exchange-unit per stage-unit, instead use A = r_stage * Q_stage, with no second division by B_stage. A raw attributable total is used directly. Final contribution = A * declared reference quantity / measured accepted final output. Convert compatible units explicitly and apply each attribution/allocation share exactly once; never treat a quoted amount or intensity as a raw total. Link stage transfers, losses, rejects, stocks, shared services and allocation to the same actual route, period and final-output stratum. For a 1000 kg basis retain 1000 kg explicitly. Do not assume unit yield, equal fresh/dried mass, equal head mass, equal dose quality or interchangeable gates. Missing links, unsupported unit conversion, zero denominators and untraceable allocation block dataset production. Stage-native datasets retain their own stage reference; package contributions are a separate projection. |

## 5. System Boundary

### Boundary Abstraction

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| declared_starting_condition | Identified bovine animal system and slaughter event, or legally documented fallen-animal recovery event. |
| starting_condition_role | Animal and terminal treatment burdens linked upstream; purchased water, energy, salt and package enter as Product inputs. |
| product_classification_scope | Bovine class 0211 raw hides, fresh or preserved but not further prepared. |
| recursive_input_rule | Bought-in raw bovine hides retain upstream burden; do not report them again as newly flayed output. |
| upstream_dataset_requirement | Source meat/dairy/draught/mixed production and terminal slaughter/recovery datasets with included operations documented; exclude upstream flaying service when the same operation is modelled by the foreground removal node. No zero-burden or all-burden default. |
| disclosure | Species, animal purpose/phases, source route, legal recovery status, grade, state, mass, allocation and gate. |

### Boundary Rules

| rule_id | Applies to | Rule | source_ids |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| b_source | animal origin | Trace actual meat/dairy/draught/mixed animal system and slaughter, or lawful fallen-animal recovery with no invented meat output; distinguish source periods. | fao-hides;fao-statistics |
| b_remove | raw removal | Flaying is independent of rearing/slaughter or recovery; record raw hide, attached matter, incidental loss and first-conditioning handoff. Do not count the same flaying service embedded in an upstream slaughter dataset again. | fao-hides |
| b_prepare | cleaning and grading | Include first fleshing/cleaning/trimming as performed; separate accepted, independently marketable downgraded and rejected/waste states and destinations. | fao-hides |
| b_preserve | optional preservation | Include only performed chilling, drying, salting or brining, with input salt/water/energy, residual brine and moisture loss; no tanning, liming or dehairing. | fao-hides;unido-leather |
| b_gate | packing and handover | Include protective packing and shared site services to the actual declared handover; do not invent plant operations for farm-slaughter or recovery-gate sales. Exclude later freight and tanning. | fao-hides |

## 6. Process Inventory Structure

### Process Map

| process_id | process_name | inclusion | inclusion_condition | role | quantitative_reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| remove | Independent hide removal | required | Slaughter or lawful recovery route | Source animal/carcass to raw removed hide, incidental and rejects | kg raw hide/event |
| prepare | First cleaning and trimming | conditional | Only where performed before declared gate | Raw to prepared untanned hide, trims and rejects | kg raw hide input |
| grade | Quality grading | conditional | Where grade sorting is performed before declared gate | Prepared hide to accepted, marketable downgrade or rejected destination | kg prepared hide input |
| preserve | Conditional preservation | conditional | Only preserved lots | Accepted fresh hide to actual stabilized state; salt, moisture and residue explicit | kg hide input |
| handover | Protective packing and actual-gate handover | required | Every accepted lot | Exactly one fresh or preserved net hide output at its actual declared gate | kg net as-sold hide |

Flaying is a separate removal handoff after the animal source event. A lawful fallen-animal branch carries actual recovery burdens but no invented carcass/meat co-product. Shared flaying equipment, cleaning plant, curing space and reusable packages must have one measured service driver over actual consuming nodes and periods.

### Process: Independent hide removal (`remove`)

#### Inputs

##### Product flows

###### Source bovine or slaughter carcass (`source_bovine`)

Use only the slaughter branch and actual meat, dairy, draught or mixed animal history and terminal event. The separate fallen-animal Waste input card applies only if local law and operation make the recovered material Waste; a recovered Product requires its own verified Product identity before exchange generation.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg raw hide removed

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Recorded event input with animal-system burden and co-products linked once. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Source bovine material, route- and legal-role-qualified (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_source`
- Range: Provisional event-balance screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: source material per kg raw hide; not an animal-yield default
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

###### Lawfully recovered fallen-bovine source (`fallen_source`)

Use only when the actual legal status of fallen material is Waste and hide recovery is permitted. Record prior animal burden and terminal handling; never invent meat/offal handovers. Product-status recovery needs a separate verified Product card in the concrete foreground package, not this Waste identity.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg raw hide recovered

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh recovered material by event and record legal status. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Fallen bovine recovery material, legal Waste role (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_source`
- Range: Provisional recovery balance screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: fallen material per kg raw hide; no default recovery yield
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Elementary flows

#### Outputs

##### Product flows

###### Fresh removed raw hide (`raw_removed`)

Weigh raw hide at removal handoff, not at final plant gate.

Denominator and scope requirements：per source event

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Net removal weight by animal/event. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Fresh removed bovine hide, source-gate-qualified (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_source`
- Range: Provisional lot-size screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000000
  - Unit: kg/event
  - Basis: weighed raw hide per source event
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

###### Attached matter and rejected tissue (`remove_residue`)

Segregate incidental flesh and rejected material by destination; independently sold offal is not waste.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg raw hide removed

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh material sent to handler. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Removal residue, composition- and destination-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residue`
- Range: Provisional residue screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: residue per kg raw removed hide
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Elementary flows

### Process: First cleaning and trimming (`prepare`)

#### Inputs

##### Product flows

###### Raw hide received (`prepare_input`)

Carry source burden from removal or bought-in hide once.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg prepared hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Net receipt mass. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Raw bovine hide at conditioning receipt (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_prepare`
- Range: Provisional conditioning balance screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: raw input per kg prepared hide
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

###### Cleaning water (`prepare_water`)

Record only if first cleaning actually uses supplied water.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg prepared hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered lot use. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Supplied process water (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_utilities`
- Range: Provisional water screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: water per kg prepared hide, zero if unused
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

##### Elementary flows

#### Outputs

##### Product flows

###### Prepared untanned hide (`prepared_hide`)

Transfer cleaned/trimmed raw hide to grading; do not include tanning chemistry.

Denominator and scope requirements：per preparation lot

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh lot output. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: First-conditioned bovine raw hide (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_prepare`
- Range: Provisional lot-size screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000000
  - Unit: kg/lot
  - Basis: prepared hide per lot
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

###### Fleshing and trim residue (`prepare_trim`)

Separate waste trims from independently marketed animal products.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg prepared hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weighed trim to handler. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Bovine fleshing residue, destination-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residue`
- Range: Provisional trim screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: trim waste per kg prepared hide
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Elementary flows

### Process: Quality grading (`grade`)

#### Inputs

##### Product flows

###### Prepared hide to grading (`grade_input`)

Measure the first-conditioned incoming state.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg accepted and downgraded saleable hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh input lot. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Prepared bovine raw hide for grading (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_grade`
- Range: Provisional grading balance screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: input per kg saleable grade
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

##### Elementary flows

#### Outputs

##### Product flows

###### Accepted hide grade (`grade_accepted`)

Hand accepted grade to fresh packing or preservation.

Denominator and scope requirements：per grading lot

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh accepted mass and grade. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Accepted graded bovine raw hide (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_grade`
- Range: Provisional grade output screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000000
  - Unit: kg/lot
  - Basis: accepted grade per lot
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

###### Independently sold downgrade (`grade_downgraded`)

Treat as Product only where separately marketed with a handover; otherwise reclassify by actual waste destination.

Denominator and scope requirements：per grading lot

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh separately sold downgrade. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Downgraded bovine raw hide, grade-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_grade`
- Range: Provisional downgrade screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000000
  - Unit: kg/lot
  - Basis: separately marketed downgrade per lot
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

###### Rejected hide (`grade_reject`)

Record unmarketable contamination/damage by handler; not a downgraded sale.

Denominator and scope requirements：per grading lot

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh rejected lot. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Rejected bovine hide, destination-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residue`
- Range: Provisional rejection screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000000
  - Unit: kg/lot
  - Basis: rejected mass per lot
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Elementary flows

### Process: Conditional preservation (`preserve`)

#### Inputs

##### Product flows

###### Graded hide before preservation (`preserve_input`)

Fresh sale bypasses this node; record moisture and incoming mass when it is used.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg preserved hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh input. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Accepted fresh bovine raw hide for preservation (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_preserve`
- Range: Provisional preservation balance screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: incoming fresh hide per kg preserved hide; not a conversion factor
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

###### Electricity at the equipment supply point (`preserve_energy_electricity`)

**Collection scope and applicability for preserve_energy.** The following concrete identities have separate cards and apply only when use or generation is evidenced inside the original process scope. They are not mandatory inputs or a default recipe. Document non-use; missing records are not zero. Add a separate concrete card for any other actual material instead of substituting one of these names or UUIDs. Preserve attribution and boundaries and avoid double counting components included in outsourced services.

Record actual carrier for powered drying/chilling; do not invent electricity for ambient curing.
Denominator and scope requirements：per kg preserved hide
Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Metered or invoice energy attributed once. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

Confirm identity, grade, state and unit from equipment, supplier and contemporaneous measurements; the product UUID does not establish actual use or upstream-provider compatibility. Retain the electricity supply point, fuel grade, density and heating-value basis. Distinguish purchased heat from on-site fuel conversion without counting its input fuel again.

- Selected flow: Alternating current `455f0ef5-6118-4f2b-a3f5-1f75e0afe3ca`
- Flow property / unit: Energy / kWh
- Amount rule: Collect raw quantities for this identity under `cp_utilities` and calculate the exchange per declared reference flow using the original attribution rules.
- Value mode: Foreground record (`foreground_record`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per declared reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_utilities`
- Sources: `fao-agricultural-energy`

This binding is alternating current at the use point with supply technology, voltage and provider unspecified. Confirm actual AC supply; DC requires a different identity. The database reference is 1 MJ: preserve meter kWh and convert once using 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ when linking reference quantities. Internal generation links to its foreground generator, without an additional purchased-electricity burden.

##### Waste flows

##### Elementary flows

#### Outputs

##### Product flows

###### Stabilized raw hide (`preserve_output`)

One actual preserved state, with measured mass, moisture and salt content, passes to packing.

Denominator and scope requirements：per preservation lot

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh stabilized net mass. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Preserved untanned bovine hide, state-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_preserve`
- Range: Provisional preserved-output screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000000
  - Unit: kg/lot
  - Basis: measured preserved hide per lot
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

###### Spent cure and rejected hides (`preserve_residue`)

Separate solid salt, spent brine and rejected hide by composition/destination; evaporated water is a measured loss, not waste Product.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg preserved hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh residue sent to handler. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Preservation residue, composition-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_residue`
- Range: Provisional residue screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: spent cure/reject per kg preserved hide
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Elementary flows

### Process: Protective packing and plant handover (`handover`)

#### Inputs

##### Product flows

###### Fresh or preserved accepted hide (`handover_input`)

Bring exactly one state from removal, first conditioning, grading or preservation, according to actual route and gate; do not count two final states for the same lot.

Denominator and scope requirements：per kg final hide

Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Net received mass. Original collection denominator kind: process_output.

- Selected flow: Accepted bovine raw hide before handover, state-specific (UUID unresolved)
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records.
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_handover`
- Range: Provisional receipt balance screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 0
  - Upper: 1000
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: hide receipt per kg final net hide
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Reasoned estimate (`reasoned_estimate`)

##### Waste flows

##### Elementary flows

#### Outputs

##### Product flows

###### Bovine raw hide at actual handover (`final_hide`)

Record the one accepted fresh or preserved raw bovine-hide output at the actual declared farm-slaughter, recovery, slaughterhouse or curing-plant gate. Sale state and gate are mutually exclusive lot qualifiers; do not emit a second final output for an alternative state or gate. A narrower gate identity cannot represent this broad card.

Raw reference-output records: Weigh net as-sold hide at actual handover, excluding package tare and separable free brine/salt. Preserve the measured accepted lot quantity and every required qualifier. The amount below is the normalized reference exchange, not an assertion that a physical lot contains only one unit.

Denominator and scope requirements：per reference flow

- Selected flow: Bovine raw hide, state- and gate-qualified
- Flow property / unit: Mass / kg
- Amount rule: 1 kg
- Value mode: Calculated value (`calculated_value`)
- Specificity: Site-specific (`site_specific`)
- Normalization basis: per reference flow
- Basis kind: Reference flow (`reference_flow`)
- Evidence kind: Calculated from collection (`calculated_from_collection`)
- Collection protocol: `cp_handover`
- Range: Reference identity screen
  - Range role: QA guardrail (`qa_guardrail`)
  - Lower: 1
  - Upper: 1
  - Unit: kg/kg
  - Basis: exactly 1 kg reference product per kg reference, by definition
  - Basis kind: Process output (`process_output`)
  - Evidence kind: Collected record (`collected_record`)

##### Waste flows

##### Elementary flows

## 7. Allocation and Co-product Handling

| rule_id | Applies to | Rule | source_ids |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a_animal | slaughter-linked route | Enumerate actual intended outputs and handovers: milk in dairy phases, draught service where delivered, meat/carcass and edible offal at slaughter, hide at removal. Prefer phase subdivision and measured causal attribution; otherwise disclose evidenced physical/economic allocation across intended outputs. Neither zero hide burden nor all animal burden to one hide is default. | fao-hides |
| a_fallen | lawful fallen recovery | Document carcass Product/Waste legal role, upstream burden and terminal handling; no invented slaughter meat. Attribute recovery service and source burden by explicit recorded decision. | fao-statistics |
| a_grade | grade and preservation | Accepted and independently sold downgraded grades have distinct handovers. Rejects and residues are waste unless marketed. Reconcile moisture/salt changes before comparing saleable masses. | fao-hides |
| a_period | animal phases and plant | Record growth, dairy, draught and terminal phases, replacement/termination, and shared flaying/cleaning/curing/packing services by consumer and service period; charge each once using measured throughput, time or other evidenced driver. | fao-hides |

Concrete cards do not inherit numerical ranges from the former aggregate card. Determine quantities from original records, stock/meter reconciliation and the declared reference flow; no default quantity or numeric screen is supplied without evidence matching the identity, unit, period and boundary. Missing range evidence is a quality disclosure, not zero use or proof of completeness.

| rule_id | Applies to | Rule | source_ids |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `allocation_residual_precedence` | remaining common burden with no specified primary branch | Resolve any study-specific joint-product instruction in this PCR that has no specified primary branch using this precedence; retain an already explicitly prescribed category-specific primary method. First directly assign separable output-specific activities. For the remaining common burden B, use a physical driver d_i only when measured operation or biological-service records demonstrate the causal consumption represented by that driver. A product being weighable, valuable or lower grade alone is insufficient; do not switch arbitrarily between area, time, mass and revenue. For comparable grades receiving the same common handling, measured processed mass is applicable only with the same service demand, state and moisture basis demonstrated. Share a_i=d_i/sum(d_j); B_i=B*a_i. If no defensible causal physical driver exists for that common operation, use gate- and period-matched economic shares a_i=(q_i*p_i)/sum(q_j*p_j), with the complete independently intended output set, compatible quantity/price units, currency, representative prices and values before output-specific downstream processing. Missing price or denominator evidence makes the allocated result incomplete, not a zero-priced product or a single-output system. Report shares summing to one and sensitivity to a material alternative; an alternative is not an interchangeable primary result. Waste, retained residues and internal transfers receive no co-product share, while their attributable production/handling burdens remain with the producing saleable route. Retain unallocated physical quantities and mass balances separately. This branch gives no automatic substitution credit; any separately scoped substitution analysis retains the gross inventory and its actual displaced-function evidence. | `ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011` |

## 8. Foreground Data Collection, Calculation, and Quality Rules

### Specific input identification before dataset completion

Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default.

| requirement_id | collection_protocol_id | Preserved collection scope |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `preserve_salt_specific_input` | `cp_preserve` | Operation preserve: Record actual composition, salt concentration, issued and free/returned amount only on applicable route. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg preserved hide Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Issued less return and stock change. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. |
| `handover_package_specific_input` | `cp_handover` | Operation handover: Record actual wrap/pallet/container function, mass and reuse; packaging is not product mass. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg final hide Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Package issue less returns over measured reuse. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. |


### Data Collection Protocols

| protocol_id | process_id | flow_role | record_type | raw_fields | collection_method | unit | frequency | temporal_coverage | site_scope | aggregation_rule | quality_evidence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| cp_source | remove | source event and outputs | animal/slaughter/recovery ledger | species, animal ID, meat/dairy/draught phases, terminal event, legal role, output masses | supplier ledger and scale; Raw aggregation requirements: link outputs/burdens once. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. | kg;period | each event | attributed animal service and terminal event | actual source | per reference flow | animal ledger, permit and ticket; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |
| cp_prepare | prepare | raw and prepared hide | batch log | receipt, water, cleaning, trim, prepared mass | scale and meter; Raw aggregation requirements: balance by batch. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. | kg | each batch | all batches | actual plant | per reference flow | scales and receiving slips; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |
| cp_grade | grade | grades and rejects | grade log | incoming, accepted, downgraded, rejected, buyer/disposal | scale and grade ticket; Raw aggregation requirements: balance by grade/destination. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. | kg | each lot | all lots | actual plant | per reference flow | specification and sales/disposal; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |
| cp_preserve | preserve | state conversion | cure log | initial/final mass, moisture, salt/brine, time, energy, residue | scale, recipe, meter, test; Raw aggregation requirements: batch state balance. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `preserve_salt_specific_input`: Operation preserve: Record actual composition, salt concentration, issued and free/returned amount only on applicable route. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg preserved hide Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Issued less return and stock change. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default. | kg;kWh | each performed route | preserved lots | actual plant | per reference flow | recipe, lab and meters; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |
| cp_utilities | prepare;preserve;handover | water, energy and shared asset | meter/asset log | carrier, amount, node, period, driver | meters and invoices; Raw aggregation requirements: allocate once. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. | kg;kWh;h | service period | all foreground periods | actual consumers | per reference flow | calibration and worksheet; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |
| cp_handover | handover | net product and package | dispatch log | source lot, state, grade, gross/tare/net, free salt/brine, package reuse, gate | scale and dispatch note; Raw aggregation requirements: sum net mass by state/grade. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `handover_package_specific_input`: Operation handover: Record actual wrap/pallet/container function, mass and reuse; packaging is not product mass. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg final hide Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Package issue less returns over measured reuse. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Original quantity method: Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. Identify the actual input for this operation from supplier specifications, equipment and primary records. This is a mandatory collection requirement, not an exchange. Before dataset completeness, represent each used material, formulated product, carrier or independently purchased service by one physically specific card with its native quantity/property; confirm a compatible UUID, or retain an explicit unresolved identity and do not claim a fully linked dataset. Do not substitute a conditional example for an unknown actual input, invent a recipe, omit required use or infer zero from missing records. Attribute shared use, reusable assets and inclusive services once; preserve the original stage/period and measured throughput link to final reference output. The former aggregate range is not a component limit or consumption default. | kg | each lot | all sale lots | actual declared handover gate | per reference flow | calibration and dispatch; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |
| cp_residue | remove;prepare;grade;preserve;handover | waste and residues | disposal log | composition, mass, reason, destination | scale and handler receipt; Raw aggregation requirements: sum each destination once. Apply the existing route, period, conversion and allocation rules; retain raw totals and the measured accepted reference-output denominator for the same scope. Perform final normalization exactly once; do not divide an already normalized amount again. `handover_pack_waste_specific_output`: Only single-use or damaged material discarded before gate is waste; reusable returns remain stock. Denominator and scope requirements：per kg final hide Raw quantity and calculation requirements: Weigh discard to handler. Original collection denominator kind: process_output. Calculate the attributable final-package exchange under inventory_reference_normalization and stage_throughput_linkage using the matched raw records. This is a mandatory specific-output collection requirement, not a selected exchange. Preserve every actual waste, residue, reject and co-product from this operation. Create separate cards for physically distinct streams with actual material, composition/state, quantity, receiving route and Product/Waste role before dataset completeness; verify a compatible UUID or explicitly retain its unresolved identity. A genuinely mixed stream may remain one physically defined mixture supported by composition records; never invent separation or count its components again. Keep liquid and solid treatment quantities separate. Preserve original period, output balance, reference normalization and allocation rules; missing records do not establish zero or exclusion.  | kg | each event | all relevant periods | actual node | per reference flow | disposal ticket; traceable numerator, accepted reference-output denominator and normalization worksheet |

### Calculation Rules

| rule_id | Applies to | Formula or rule | Inputs | Output | source_ids |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| c_net | sold lot | net hide = gross mass minus package tare minus separable salt/free brine; incorporated moisture/salt remains in declared state | cp_handover;cp_preserve | kg net hide | fao-hides |
| c_balance | physical nodes | measured input plus incorporated cure = accepted plus downgrade plus rejects/residue plus measured moisture loss and inventory change; report residual | cp_source;cp_prepare;cp_grade;cp_preserve | kg residual | fao-hides |
| c_state | state comparison | dry hide solids = measured net mass × measured dry fraction, with salt solids separate; no universal state conversion | cp_preserve | kg dry hide solids | fao-hides |
| c_attribution | source/asset | attributable input per kg = measured input × documented output share × documented period/service share ÷ net sold hide; never apply a share twice | cp_source;cp_utilities;cp_handover | per kg hide |  |

### Data Quality Requirements

| requirement_id | Applies to | Requirement | Evidence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| q_source | all lots | Trace species 0211, animal purpose and phases, actual slaughter or legal fallen recovery, grade and actual handover gate. | ledger and permit |
| q_mass | all lots | Calibrated gross/tare, grade, moisture and salt balance with reported residual. | scale, lab and batch balance |
| q_shared | source and plant | Record animal phases, shared consumers, service periods, replacement and termination without duplicate burdens. | phase and asset ledger |
| q_uuid | all exchange cards | Verify concrete flow identity, role, state, gate and property before final data package; expand conditional flow identities only with foreground evidence. | resolution log |

## 9. Validation Rules

| rule_id | Applies to | Rule | source_ids |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| v_scope | reference | Reject non-bovine, tanned/further-prepared, unknown state, undeclared actual gate or missing net Mass basis. | un-cpc-3 |
| v_route | source | Slaughter branch requires actual animal-system output allocation; legal fallen branch requires recovery evidence and no fictional meat output. | fao-statistics;fao-hides |
| v_balance | all lots | Reconcile removal, preparation, grades, preservation and final mass, with trims, salt/brine and moisture loss; investigate residual by site tolerance. | fao-hides |
| v_attribution | animal and shared assets | Reject duplicated animal phases or plant service periods and missing output handovers or attribution decisions. | fao-hides |
| v_binding | all cards | Resolve the broad final output to one concrete Product UUID only after actual state, gate and Mass are evidenced; no narrower plant flow can be imposed on every lot. All other concrete UUIDs and set members require independent verification before exchange generation. |  |
| `v_foreground_emission_responsibility` | Actual operated nodes and linked services | Record responsibility for on-site fuel combustion and refrigerant leakage when applicable: either quantified foreground emissions or a named linked process explicitly covering them, never merely a fuel-supply or electricity-production input. Assess special-taxon biological and residue emissions using species/route evidence, without a generic livestock factor. Identify any unresolved pathway and withhold a completeness claim; document supported absence and prevent duplicate upstream/downstream accounting. | |

## 10. Published Dataset Profile

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| dataset_role | Route-, species-, grade-, state- and actual-gate-qualified foreground dataset for raw bovine hide. |
| downstream_use | Candidate secondary_dataset or background_dataset after exchange resolution, review and publication. |
| allowed_use | Like-state and like-gate comparison or measured dry-solids conversion with disclosure. |
| excluded_use | Non-bovine/tanned hides, zero-burden hide default, universal state conversion, plant UUID reuse at other gates, downstream freight. |
| required_metadata | Species, animal purpose/phases, source route/legal status, outputs and allocation, grade, state, moisture/salt, net mass, actual gate and periods. |
| required_quality_disclosure | Animal-output and shared-service attribution, mass/grade balance, cure inputs/residues and unresolved identities. |
| update_trigger | New verified flow identity, route, gate, preservation or measured allocation evidence. |

## 11. Data Sources

| Source id | Type | Reference | Used for |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `un-cpc-3` | official_guidance | [UN CPC 3.0 explanatory notes](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Download/In%20Text/CPC_Ver_3.0_Exp_Notes_30Jun2025.pdf) | Class 0211 and 02951 raw-hide identity. |
| `fao-hides` | official_guidance | [FAO, Hides and Skins](https://www.fao.org/4/i0523e/i0523e.pdf) | Flaying, first treatment, grade and preservation route. |
| `fao-statistics` | official_guidance | [FAO, hide/skin production definitions](https://www.fao.org/4/x9892e/X9892e06.htm) | Slaughter and fallen-animal source distinction. |
| `unido-leather` | official_guidance | [UNIDO sustainable leather framework](https://downloads.unido.org/ot/46/70/4670793/KRAL_AGR_AIT_URT_2015_100228_001.pdf) | Raw-hide versus later leather-processing boundary. |
| `fao-agricultural-energy` | official_guidance | FAO Energy demand and consumption in African agriculture, Annex C case-study results, https://www.fao.org/4/v9766e/v9766e08.htm | conditional concrete identities and method context; does not establish site use or quantities |
| `ghg-protocol-product-standard-2011` | standard | WRI/WBCSD, Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (2011), Chapter 9, https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Product-Life-Cycle-Accounting-Reporting-Standard_041613.pdf | General allocation hierarchy and comparable-gate economic basis. Applicability conditions and the explicit residual branch are this PCR's method convention; no product-specific causal coefficient, price or output quantity is prescribed by this source. |